• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2009

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used as a rapid and non-destructive method to determine the protein content in intact and ground seeds of pea (Pisum sativum L.) germplasms grown in Korea. A total of 115 samples were scanned in the reflectance mode of a scanning monochromator at intact seed and flour condition, and the reference values for the protein content was measured by auto-Kjeldahl system. In the developed ground and intact NIRS equations for analysis of protein, the most accurate equation were obtained at 2, 8, 6, 1 math treatment conditions with standard normal variate and detrend scatter correction method and entire spectrum (400-2,500 nm) by using modified partial least squares regression (n=78). External validation (n=34) of these NIRS equations showed significant correlation between reference values and NIRS estimated values based on the standard error of prediction (SEP), $R^2$, and the ratio of standard deviation of reference data to SEP. Therefore, these ground and intact NIRS equations can be applicable and reliable for determination of protein content in pea seeds, and non-destructive NIRS method could be used as a mass analysis technique for selection of high protein pea in breeding program and for quality control in food industry.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.455-460
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• 2016

A textured front surface is required in high efficiency silicon solar cells to reduce reflectance and to improve light trapping. Wet etching with alkaline solution is usually applied for mono crystalline silicon solar cells. However, alkali texturing method is not appropriate for multi-crystalline silicon wafers due to grain boundary of random crystallographic orientation. Accordingly, acid texturing method is generally used for multi-crystalline silicon wafers to reduce the surface reflectance. To reduce reflectivity of multi-crystalline silicon wafers, double texturing method with combination of acid and reactive ion etching is an attractive technical solution. In this paper, we have studied to optimize RIE condition by different RF power condition (100, 150, 200, 250, 300 W).

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.13-16
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• 2012

Zinc oxide (ZnO) films were deposited by an RF magnetron sputtering system with the RF power of 200W and 300W and flow rate of oxygen gases of 20 and 30 sccm, in order to research the growth of ZnO on carbon doped silicon oxide (SiOC) thin film. The reflectance of SiOC film on Si film deposited by the sputtering decreased with increasing the oxygen flow rate in the range of long wavelength. In comparison between ZnO/Si and ZnO/SiOC/Si thin film, the reflectance of ZnO/SiOC/Si film was inversed that of ZnO/Si film in the rage of 200~1000 nm. The transmittance of ZnO film increased with increasing the oxygen gas flow rate because of the transition from conduction band to oxygen interstitial band due to the oxygen interstitial (Oi) sites. The low reflectance and the high transmittance of ZnO film was suitable properties to use for the front electrode in the display or solar cell.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.206-214
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• 2013

There has been an increasing demand for high performance and energy-saving of blind. In order to develop the eco-friendly blind textiles, heat treatment process has been utilized for LM(Low Melting) polyester fabrics and the changes of the physical properties of the treated fabrics were examined according to temperature of heat treatment. Morphology, surface reflectance, contact angle, luster, thermal property and mechanical property of heat treated LM polyester fabrics were investigated. As results, morphology analysis of thermal treated fabrics confirmed that degree of fusion of LM polyester yarns improved with increase of temperature. Surface reflectance of thermal treated fabrics decreased with increase of temperature. Luster and contact angle of a water droplet on thermal treated fabrics increased slightly with increase of temperature. The mechanical properties of the fabrics by KES-FB system were found to be temperature-dependent and especially, bending and shear properties among them were highly related to temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.26-31
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• 2021

Buildings with glass curtain walls have become popular due to their appealing aesthetics and ability to let in natural light. However, light reflection from the glass surface is unavoidable in these buildings. In particular, the reflection of light from the glass envelope can create afterimage glare, a hazard to nearby drivers and pedestrians. Despite this potential danger, glare from buildings with curtain walls has not been well-studied. Hence, we analyzed the effect of light reflection on glare around a glass-enclosed skyscraper, depending on its surface reflectance. We investigated the potential hazard of glare to drivers using a commercially available software program. The results indicate that the direction of light reflection is distinctive when the incident angle of solar light increases. Moreover, this light reflection is high enough to induce an afterimage to drivers and pedestrians near the building. We found that keeping the reflectance of the building surface under 3% is required to minimize the afterimage hazard to drivers. Consequently, we recommend managing glass reflectance and installing additional traffic safety systems to reduce traffic accidents near curtain wall buildings.

• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.211-220
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to examine the image-based atmospheric correction models using the data from Landsat Enhanced Thermal Mapper Plus (ETM+) that have quite similar spectral characteristics to the forthcoming KOrea Multi-Purpose SATellite (KOMPSAT)-2 Multi-Spectral Camera (MSC), and the in-situ measured surface reflectance data during satellite overflight. The main advantage of this type of correction is that it does not require in-situ measurements during each satellite overflight. While substantial differences are present between Top-Of-the Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance and in-situmeasurements, the results showed that Case 1 based on COST model gives most accurate results among three cases. The accuracy of Case 2_1 is very close to Case 1 and its values are smaller than in-situ data. No notable features appear between some bands in the Case 3_1 and in-situ data. It is expected from this study that if the current methods are applied to the IKONOS high resolution data, we will be able to develop the suitable atmospheric correction methods for MSC data.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.715-722
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• 2016

Rapid determination of food quality is important in food distribution. In this study, the chemical properties of oats were analyzed using visible-near infrared (VIS-NIR) spectroscopy. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a predictive model of oat quality by VIS-NIR spectroscopy. A total of 200 oat samples were collected from domestic and import markets. Reflectance spectra, moisture, protein, fat, Fe, and K of oat samples were measured. Reflectance spectra were measured in the wavelength range of 400 - 2,500 nm at 2 nm intervals. The reflectance spectrum of an oat sample was measured after sample cell and reflectance plate spectrum measurement. Preprocessing methods such as normalization and $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ derivations were used to minimize the spectroscopic noise. The partial-least-square (PLS) models were developed to predict chemical properties of oats using a commercial software package, Unscrambler. The PLS models showed the possibility to predict moisture, protein, and fat content of oat samples. The coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of moisture, protein, and fat was greater than 0.89. However, it was hard to predict Fe and K concentrations due to their low concentrations in the oat samples. The coefficient of determinations of Fe and K were 0.57 and 0.77, respectively. In future studies, the stability and practicability of these models should be improved by using a high accuracy spectrophotometer and by performing calibrations with a wider range of oat chemicals.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.92-103
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• 2003

Research and technological advances in the field of remote sensing have greatly enhanced the ability to detect and quantify physical and biological stresses that affect the productivity of agricultural crops. Reflectance in specific visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum have proved useful in detection of nutrient deficiencies. Especially crop canopy sensors as a ground remote sensing measure the amount of light reflected from nearby surfaces such as leaf tissue or soil and is in contrast to aircraft or satellite platforms that generate photographs or various types of digital images. Multi-spectral vegetation indices derived from crop canopy reflectance in relatively wide wave band can be used to monitor the growth response of plants in relation to environmental factors. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), where NDVI = (NIR-Red)/(NIR+Red), was originally proposed as a means of estimating green biomass. The basis of this relationship is the strong absorption (low reflectance) of red light by chlorophyll and low absorption (high reflectance and transmittance) in the near infrared (NIR) by green leaves. Thereafter many researchers have proposed the other indices for assessing crop vegetation due to confounding soil background effects in the measurement. The green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI), where the green band is substituted for the red band in the NDVI equation, was proved to be more useful for assessing canopy variation in green crop biomass related to nitrogen fertility in soils. Consequently ground remote sensing as a non destructive real-time assessment of nitrogen status in plant was thought to be useful tool for site specific crop nitrogen management providing both spatial and temporal information.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1996.05a
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• pp.9-14
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• 1996

The dependence of microstructural and optical properties of Ag-In-Sb-Te thin films on annealing heat-treatments was studied. It was found from the present work that the increase of reflectance after annealing heat-treatment is related with phase change of Ag-In-Sb-Te thin film from amorphous state to crystalline phases which involve Sb crystalline phase and AgInTe$_2$ stoichiometric phase. On the other hand, the reflectance is decreased after high temperature annealing (above 450$^{\circ}C$), due to the morphology .mange of film surface. For the purpose of practical application(erasable optical disk), we fabricated quadrilayered Ag-In-Sb-Te alloy disk, and annealed it with continuous laser beam. As result of this laser\ulcorner annealing treatment, we found that the increment of reflectance is 9.3% at 780nm wavelength. It might be considered that Ag-In-Sb-Te alloy optical disk is the big promising candidate for the erasable optical memory medium.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.255-262
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• 1997

To estimate the total dry matter(TDM) of rice plant by non-destructive method, spectral reflectance from rice plant canopy was measured by using the spectroradiometer (LI-1800, LICOR Inc.) with one week interval during the rice growing season at Suwon paddy field in 1993. Two medium late maturing rices, Daechung-byeo Ilpum-byeo, and one early maturing variety, Jinbu-byeo, were cultured to observe TDM, then they were compared with those estimated by vegetation index together. Vegetation index determined by the reflectance of visible against near infrared wavelength showed high correlation with TDM. Vegetation index derived from narrow band(10nm interval) ratio, R910/R460, has the highest correlation coefficient with TDM. TDM estimated from R910/R460 from transplanting to heading stage corresponded well to measured values (Y=21.2428X-212.734 ; $R^2$=0.87). But another vegetation index, NIR(720~1,100nm) /Red(600~700nm) showed higher correlation with TDM than NIR(720~1,100nm) /Blue(400~500nm) did from heading stage to maturity.