• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2012

his experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of nitrogen top dressing levels on the growth, feed value, and anthocyanin content for developing functional feed of colored barley. A colored barley cultivar, Boanchalbori, was tested in this experiment. Nitrogen top dressing levels was six (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100%) and top dressing time was a regeneration time. In case of productivity, heading data was get behind and dry matter rate was significant decreased with higher nitrogen top dressing levels (p<0.05). Fresh yield, dry matter yield and TDN yield was increased with higher nitrogen top dressing levels, but not significant. In case of feed value, crude protein content was significant increased with higher nitrogen top dressing levels (p<0.05), and higher in the order of spike, whole and leaf culme of the plant. Percent NDF and ADF was decreased with higher nitrogen top dressing levels in leaf culme, but no difference in spike and whole (p<0.05), and higher in the order of leaf culme, whole and spike of the plant. TDN was increased with higher nitrogen top dressing levels in leaf culme, but no difference in spike and whole (p<0.05), and higher in the order of spike, whole and leaf culme of the plant. Total anthocyanin content was significant decreased with higher nitrogen top dressing levels in leaf culme and whole (p<0.05), and higher in the order of leaf culme, whole and spike of the plant. Specially, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), delphinidin (Del), malvidin-3-glucoside (M3G) and malvidin (Mal) show a significant decrease. So there are an accumulation of anthocyanin in the culm, and standard nitrogen top dressing levels dressing on the regeneration time for produces high anthocyanin content of the colored barley.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.770-780
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• 2009

A new photosensitizer, 9-Hydroxypheophorbide-a (9-HpbD-a), was derived from Spirulina platensis. We conducted a series of experiments, in vitro and in vivo, to evaluate the anticancer effect and mechanism of photodynamic therapy using 9-HpbD-a and 660 nm diode lasers on a squamous carcinoma cell line. We studied the cytotoxic effects of pheophytin-a, 9-HpbD-a, 9-HpbD-a red and 660 nm diode lasers in a human head and neck cancer cell line (SNU-1041). Cell growth inhibition was determined by using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. The effects of 9-HpbD was higher than those of 9-HpbD-a red or pheophytin-a in PDT. We then tested the cytotoxic effects of 9-hydroxypheophorbide-a (9-HpbD-a) in vitro. The cultured SNU-I041 cells were treated with serial concentrations of 9-HpbD-a followed by various energy doses (0, 0.1, 0.5, 3.2 J/$cm^{2}$) and by various interval times (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 hr) until laser irradiation, then MTT assay was applied to measure the relative inhibitory effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Optimal laser irradiation time was 30 minutes and the cytotoxic effects according to incubation time after 9-HpbD-a treatment increased until 6 hours, after which it then showed no increase. To observe the cell death mechanism after PDT, SUN-I041 cells were stained by Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide after PDT, and observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The principal mechanism of PDT at a low dose of 9-HpbD-a was apoptosis, and at a high dose of 9-HpbD-a it was necrosis. PDT effects were also observed in a xenografted nude mouse model. Group I (no 9-HpbD-a, no laser irradiation) and Group II (9-HpbD-a injection only) showed no response (4/4, 100%), and Group III (laser irradiation only) showed recurrence (1/4,25%) or no response (3/4, 75 %). Group IV (9-HpbD-a + laser irradiation) showed complete response (10/16, 62.5%), recurrence (4/16, 25%) or no response (2/16, 12.5%). Group IV showed a significant remission rate compared to other groups (p<0.05). These results suggest that 9-HpbD-a is a promising photosensitizer for the future and that further studies on biodistribution, toxicity and mechanism of action would be needed to use 9-HpbD-a as a photosensitizer in the clinical setting.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of sawdust bedding barn on manure handing, management labour and physiological aspect of dairy cows, and then to establish the criteria on the optimum utilization method of sawdust bedding barn. 46 tie stall barns and 49 sawdust bedding barns were surveyed to cmopare the milk productivity between two different barns, and also 5 tie stall barns, 15 sawdust bedding barns and 1 rice hull bedding barn were selected to study the utilization situation of sawdust barn in Kyung-Ki province area. The major results obtained were as follows; 1. The roof material of sawdust barn were consisted of 66% vinyl house, 23% PVC light and 11% slate and galvanum coated tin. Most of the floor structure was earth ground with the rate of the approximately 82%. 2. The average occupied area of sawdust bed per cow was 15.2 $m^2$, depth that 30 cm and the utilization period was 12 months. 3. Milk Yield was significantly higher at sawdust barn than at tie stall barn(P<0.01). Bacterial and somatic cell count in raw milk were less at the sawdust barn than in tie stall barn. However, there was not significance difference between two barns. 4. The labour hour needed to cow management in the sawdust barn was approximately 48% of that of tie stall barn. 5. The temperature and moisture content measured in sawdust bed were closely affected by seasonal ambient temperature. The skin and hair of cow were much cleaner at the PVC light roofed sawdust barn than any other roof materials. 6. The additives used for improving of fermentation did not show any effect on temperature and moisture content in sawdust bed. When the ambient temperature was $30.4^{\circ}C$, the surface temperature of measured 1 cm above the sawdust bed was $12.2^{\circ}C$ lower and the temperature of 100 cm above the sawdust bed was $2.4^{\circ}C lower under shading net facility than that of vinyl roofed one.7. The hoof length of miking cow was 7.95 cm in tie stall and 9.19 cm in sawdust barn with high significance (P<0.01). And disease occurence such as mastitis and foot-rot tended to decrease in the sawdust barn. 8. The number of total bacteria and coliform bacteria were less in the sawdust bed compared with earth ground resting area. And a parasite strongyloides papillosus was detected but without any infected cow. 9. The nitrate($NO_3N$) content in non-roofed earth ground resting area and earth ground under the sawdust bed was likely to pollute the ground water. 10. In economic point of view, rice hull bedding barn was the cheapest among different systems. And in the sawdust bedding barn PVC light + slate roofed barn was most desirable, and vinyl roofed one the least.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.352-356
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to introduce the toxicological study review to evaluate the safety of PDMS on the 69th JECFA meeting. Polydimethylsiloxane is a polymer and its ADI was established at 23rd JECFA meeting in 1979. The ADI was maintained although the specification was expanded at its 26th, 29 th, 37 th meetings. Recently, it was reported that PDMS with low molecular weight and viscosity has high absorption rate and different toxicity, so it was submitted at 69th meeting. Toxicological studies of PDMS were submitted from the sponsor and additional information is collected from a document searching. The toxicological studies were reviewed in accordance with the 'Guidelines for the preparation of toxicological working papers for the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives'. In the available acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies on PDMS, dose-related increases in incidence and severity of ocular lesions(corneal crystal, inflammation of the corneal epithelium etc.) were consistently observed after oral dosing. It seems to be a local irritant effect, but the mechanism by which the ocular lesions arose is unclear, although the lack of absorption of PDMS indicates that it is unlikely to be a direct systemic effect. Consequently, the relevance of the ocular lesions for food use of PDMS could not be determined. The ADI of PDMS was re-established from 0-1.5 mg/kg bw/day to 0-0.8 mg/kg bw/day by applying additional safety factor 2 based on its ocular toxicity. The result of 0-0.8 mg/kg bw/day is a temporary ADI until further data are provided to 2010.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1079-1085
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• 2003

Modified atmosphere packaging was applied to oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) to study the effect of storage temperatures and packaging materialso. Whole mushrooms (200g) were package with polyethylene film $(PE,\;60{\mu}m\;thickness)$, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), or ceramic film (containing 5% zeolite) and stored at 0, 5, 10 and $20^{\circ}C$. Weight loss, color, firmness, gas composition $(O_2,\;CO_2)$ inside the film package and ethanol content in the tissue of MA packaged mushrooms were examined. Mushroom that were packed unwrapped in a conventional hardboard box (2 kg) lost marketability at a very early stage of storage due to weight loss, shrinkage, browning, and spore formation. During storage, film packaging prevented or retarded the deterioration of the mushrooms in the aspects of appearance, texture, and discoloration. Firmness slightly decreased with storage time. Total color difference was much higher in the control than in the film-packaged mushroom and rapidly increased at the early of storage. Correlation analysis showed a high correlation between total color difference and b values. These results were characterized by the reduced respiration rate resulting from elevated carbon dioxide and reduced oxygen levels in the package. At all storage temperatures, ethanol content in the tissue increased slightly at the early part of storage and rose considerably towards the end of the storage period. Ethanol content in the oyster mushrooms was higher in the stipe than in pileus tissues. The shelf life of the oyster mushrooms was about $8{\sim}11$ days at $0^{\circ}C$, about $4{\sim}6$ day at $5^{\circ}C$, about $2{\sim}3$ days at $10^{\circ}C$, and about $1{\sim}2$ days at $20^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.351-359
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• 1989

This study was conducted to observe the physico-chemical exchange and effect of amino-carbonyl reaction between fructose and glycine . When various buffer solutions were added to equimolar mixture of fructose and glycine at pH 6.0 and $100^{\circ}C$, the browning effect was markedly observed by Mcllvaine buffer. Among the combinations of temperature and reaction time, the deep browning effect was obtained above $100^{\circ}C$, 3hr A marked browning effect obtained above pH 7.0 but little observed below pH 7.0. The browning effect was markedly increased at high fructose concentration. It required 4.0hrs and 32.9hrs to decrease 50% of initial concentration of fructose and glycine at $100^{\circ}C$ and pH 7 but 0.9hrs and 3.8hrs at $120^{\circ}C$, pH 7.0, respectively. The rate constant of fructose and glycine at $100^{\circ}C\;and\;120^{\circ}C$ were $1.78{\times}10^{-1},\;2.11{\times}10^{-2}\;and\;7.74{\times}10^{-1},\;1.83{\times}10^{-1}$, respectively. The formation of HMF was likely to follow the first order kinetics. The addition of 0.1M sodium sulfite, 0.1M sodium bisulfite and 0.1M calcium chloride to equimolar mixture (0.05M) surpressed the reaction up to 76.8%, 76.8% and 96.4%, respectively.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.343-356
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• 2016

The Korea Radioactive Waste Agency (KORAD) has developed a dual-purpose metal cask for the dry storage of spent nuclear fuel that has been generated by domestic light-water reactors. The metal cask was designed in compliance with international and domestic technology standards, and safety was the most important consideration in developing the design. It was designed to maintain its integrity for 50 years in terms of major safety factors. The metal cask ensures the minimization of waste generated by maintenance activities during the storage period as well as the safe management of the waste. An activation evaluation of the main body, which includes internal and external components of metal casks whose design lifetime has expired, provides quantitative data on their radioactive inventory. The radioactive inventory of the main body and the components of the metal cask were calculated by applying the MCNP5 ORIGEN-2 evaluation system and by considering each component's chemical composition, neutron flux distribution, and reaction rate, as well as the duration of neutron irradiation during the storage period. The evaluation results revealed that 10 years after the end of the cask's design life, $^{60}Co$ had greater radioactivity than other nuclides among the metal materials. In the case of the neutron shield, nuclides that emit high-energy gamma rays such as $^{28}Al$ and $^{24}Na$ had greater radioactivity immediately after the design lifetime. However, their radioactivity level became negligible after six months due to their short half-life. The surface exposure dose rates of the canister and the main body of the metal cask from which the spent nuclear fuel had been removed with expiration of the design lifetime were determined to be at very low levels, and the radiation exposure doses to which radiation workers were subjected during the decommissioning process appeared to be at insignificant levels. The evaluations of this study strongly suggest that the nuclide inventory of a spent nuclear fuel metal cask can be utilized as basic data when decommissioning of a metal cask is planned, for example, for the development of a decommissioning plan, the determination of a decommissioning method, the estimation of radiation exposure to workers engaged in decommissioning operations, the management/reuse of radioactive wastes, etc.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.571-583
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• 2006

To secure high yield and good quality of rice, plant growth and nitrogen (N) nutrition status should be taken into account for managing panicle N topdressing (PN). This research aimed at investigating the rice yield response to PN under different plant growth and N nutrition status that was conditioned by different rates of basal and tillering N fertilizer (BTN). Stepwise multiple regression (SMR) was used for the analysis of yield response to (i) BTN and PN, and (ii) shoot N content at PIS (BTNup) and shoot N uptake from PIS to harvest (PNup). Rice yield increased significantly as BTN and PN Increased, but there was no significant interaction between BTN and PN. Yield increased almost linearly with the increasing BTN and PN up to $10{\sim}12$ and $6{\sim}7\;kgN/10a$, and with the increasing BTNup and PNup up to $6{\sim}7$ and $5{\sim}6\;kgN/10a$, respectively. But yield increment tended to decrease above those levels. These declines resulted from the decreased ripened grain ratio and 1000 grain weight even though spikelet number per unit area increased more at above those N levels. Spikelet number per unit area had the linear relationships with the shoot N uptake until heading, and with yield. Like most yield response curves, yield response in this experiment followed the diminishing return function with BTNup, PNup, and plant N uptake from seeding to harvest. Regardless of the degree of BTNup and PNup, yield had a quadratic relationship ($R^{2}$>0.88) with whole shoot N accumulation until harvest, suggesting that the yield determination was closely related with the whole shoot N uptake until harvest regardless of the differences in seasonal shoot N uptake.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1989

In Korea, studies on a Nematode, Anguillicola crassa parasitic in the air bladder of eel are not yet reported. This reason led the author to study the parasitic species, state and life history of the A. crassa parasitized in the air bladder of eel in order to take effective control measures against its damage. The size of fully developed eggs was 80 to $92(86.7){\times}62$ to $71(67.4)\;{\mu}m$, larva was 210 to $240(225){\times}18$ to $23(20.6)\;{\mu}m$. The intermediate host of A. crassa was Thermocyclops hyalinus, it was capable for parasitizing the eel after 4 days of invasion and then the size of larva was 360 to $420(390){\times}28$ to $35(31)\;{\mu}m$. Fifty days after eel had ingested the Thermocyclops hyalinus infected with larva of A. crassa, the larvae matured into adult worms in the air bladder of eel. The size of detected adult worms was 7.3 to $31.0(16.5){\times}0.5$ to 2.2(1.2) mm, 4.9 to $13.3(8.3){\times}0.3$ to 0.9(0.4) mm. Investigating the morphology of the worms, they were identified as A. crassa. Monthly the parasitic rate of the worms in the eel was high in June, September and December, but low in January to March. After the investigation on the significance between non-parasitic fish and parasitic fish, it was not significant, therefore it can be considered that there is no effect of infection in the growth of eel. Any abnormality of eels air bladder tissue was not seen by the infection of A. crassa. At 25.0 to $26.7^{\circ}C$ of water temperature the death time of Thermocyclops hyalinus by masoten treatment was 14 hours in 0.5 ppm, 20 hours in 0.4 ppm, 22 hours in 0.3 ppm, 30 hours in 0.2 ppm and 42 hours in 0.1 ppm.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.46-58
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• 1999

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term clinical profile including the underlying etioligy and the prognostic factors of the neonatal cholestasis. Method: We studied the 190 infants presented with neonatal cholestasis for the last 12 years (from 1981 to 1992). The underlying causes, clinical findings and long-term outcomes were evaluated. And the prognostic factors were also analyzed. Result: Underlying disease were neonatal hepatitis in 101 (idiopathic in 77 and infectious in 24), intrahepatic bile duct paucity in 5, biliary atresia in 79, choledochal cyst in 5. Metabolic disease was not observed in this study. The important clinical problems during follow-up were persistent high fever, gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy and ascites. The main causes of the death were hepatic encephalopathy and gastrointestinal bleeding. While three fourth of infants with idiopathic and infectious neonatal hepatitis recovered usually within a year, five-year survival rate for biliary atresia was just 40%, the mortality observed usually within the first year after Kasai operation and prognostic factor was the time of operation. Underlying disease was the most important prognostic factor of neonatal cholestasis. Conclusion: This study showed that most common causes of neonatal cholestasis were biliary atresia and idiopathic neonatal hepatitis, infectious neonatal hepatitis, choledochal cyst and Alagille syndrome, but few neonatal cholestasis of genetic or metabolic liver disease was observed. The most important long-term prognostic factor of neonatal cholestasis was the underlying disease.