• BMB Reports
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.312-318
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of altering relative intakes of fat and carbohydrates on serum lipid profiles, hepatic acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I), and the acetyl-CoA carboxlyase (ACC) mRNA level in Sprague-Dawley rats. For four weeks the rats were fed either an AIN-76 diet or one of its modified diets that were supplemented with 20% beef tallow (high-fat diet, HF) and 66.3% sucrose (highsucrose diet, HS). The HS group had significantly higher serum triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations when compared with the other groups. Serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations in the HS and HF groups were significantly higher when compared to the normal diet (ND) group. Serum HDL-cholesterol levels of the ND and HS groups were significantly higher than those of the HF group. The hepatic total lipid level of the HF group was significantly higher than those of other groups; triglyceride levels of the HS and HF groups were significantly higher than those of the ND group. Hepatic ACS mRNA levels of the HF group were significantly higher than those of the ND group. Hepatic CPT-I mRNA levels were higher in the HF group than other groups. Also, ACC mRNA levels in the liver increased in the HF group. In conclusion, changes in the composition of dietary fat and carbohydrates could affect the hepatic ACS, CPT-I, and ACC mRNA levels. These results facilitate our understanding of the coordinated regulation of the ACS, CPT-I, and ACC mRNA levels and will serve to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the regulation of fatty acid metabolism.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.498-510
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Obesity, characterized by abnormal fat accumulation and metabolic disturbances, presents a significant health challenge. Opuntia humifusa Raf., commonly known as Korean Cheonnyuncho, is rich in various beneficial compounds and has demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its potential impact on glucose and lipid metabolism, particularly in obese rats, remains unexplored. We aimed to investigate whether O. humifusa stems and fruits could beneficially alter glucose metabolism and lipid profiles in a rat model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. MATERIALS/METHODS: Thirty-two rats were allocated into 4 groups: normal diet (NF), HFD control (HF), HFD treated with 2% O. humifusa stems (HF-OS), and HFD treated with 2% O. humifusa fruits (HF-OF). Experimental diets were administered for 6 weeks. At the end of the treatment, liver and fat tissues were isolated, and serum was collected for biochemical analysis. The major flavonoid from O. humifusa stems and fruits was identified and quantified. RESULTS: After 6 weeks of treatment, the serum fasting glucose concentration in the HF-OS group was significantly lower than that in the HF group. Serum fasting insulin concentrations in both HF-OS and HF-OF groups tended to be lower than those in the HF group, indicating a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity in the HF-OS group. Additionally, the HF-OS group exhibited a tendency towards the restoration of adiponectin levels to that of the NF group. CONCLUSION: The 2% O. humifusa stems contain abundant quercetin and isorhamnetin, which alter fasting blood glucose levels in rats fed a HFD, leading to a favorable improvement in insulin resistance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.714-722
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to determine the effects of leucine on body weight reduction in high fat diet-induced overweight rats. To induce overweight, six-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 80) were divided into 8 groups; one group of 10 rats was fed on a normal fat diet and the remaining 70 rats were fed on a high-fat diet (40% of energy as fat) for 14 weeks. Then, 10 rats fed on the normal fat diet and another 10 rats fed on the high fat diet were sacrificed to identify overweight induction. The remaining 60 rats were divided randomly into 6 groups according to body weight and fed on one of the diets with different dietary fat levels (9.6% or 40% of energy as fat) and leucine levels (0, 0.6 or 1.2 g/kg BW) for the following 5 weeks of experiments. The body weight loss in the Leu-administered groups (0.6 g, 1.2 g/kg BW) was significantly higher than those of Leu non-administered groups. The perirenal fat pad weights in the Leu-administered groups were significantly lower than those of the Leu non-administered groups. Of the hepatic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities were reduced significantly in the Leu-administered groups than in the Leu non-administered groups. With the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), the incremental areas under the curve of the glucose response (IAUC) of the Leu-administered groups were significantly lower than those of the Leu non-administered groups. The fasting glucose concentration and HOMA-IR of the Leu-administered groups were significantly lower than those of the Leu non-administered groups. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that one of the possible mechanisms of leucine in the observed body weight reduction might involve the inhibition of lipogenic enzyme activities such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, rather than the activation of lipolysis enzymes. Additionally, leucine adminstration resulted in improved glucose metabolism.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 1995

This study was performed to observe how soy protein and calcium in rats fed unsaturated fat-enriched diet affect the total lipid and cholesterol contents of blood and tissues male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 220g were fed four purified diets which contained 18% (w/w) corn oil, 1% (w/w) cholesterol, two sources of protein : casein or isolated soy protein (ISP) and two levels of dietary calcium : 0.1% or 1.0%, first for four weeks (Expt. 1) and second for eight weeks (Expt. 2). The contents of total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride in blood, liver, heart and feces were determined. After four weeks feeding, the serum lipid and cholesterol concentration was not significantly different among the groups. After eight weeks feeding, these concentrations were significantly lower in ISP-High calcium group. The serum lipid concentration was influenced by dietary protein sources and calcium levels. These results indicated that the hypolipidemic effects of soy protein and high calcium intake were partly due to decrease in lipid absorption and these effects were not detected at 4 weeks feeding but 8 weeks feeding.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.809-814
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• 1999

The effects of soybean extracts on serum lipid contents were evaluated in rats. Ninety-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $100{\pm}10g$ were divided into fourteen groups and fed different fat diets for four weeks. The experimental groups were divided into; control, saturated fat diet, unsaturated fat diet and high fat diet respectively were fed 1% cholesterol group. The serum total lipid were higher in saturated fat diet group than in control group. The contents of total-cholesterol in serum of the saturated fat diet group was significantly higher than other groups. The contents of HDL-cholesterol in serum of the soybean extract group were higher than those other fat diet group. The contents of LDL-cholesterol in serum of the soybean extract group were lower than other fat diet groups. The soybean extract group of lipid was significantly lower in other groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.186-193
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• 2007

The prevalence of diabetes has increased to 8% of population. Unlike type 2 diabetes in the western countries, Korean diabetic patients are nonobese and have low serum insulin levels. As the increased prevalence of diabetes and the peculiar characteristics may be related to dietary fat contents, we determined their effects on insulin resistance, insulin secretion and pancreatic $\beta-cell$ mass in 90% pancreatectomized (Px) diabetic rats in the present study. The rats were provided with low fat diet (LF, 10 energy% fat), moderate fat diet (MF, 25 energy% fat) and high fat diet (HF, 40 energy% fat) for 6 months. HF increased body weight and epidydimal fat pads parallel with increased food intake compared to LF and MF. Fasting serum glucose and insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were higher in HF, compared to LF and MF, indicating that HF increased insulin resistance. Rats fed LF and MF diets reduced insulin resistance, but only rats fed MF improved pancreatic $\beta-cell$ mass and insulin secretion capacity, measured by hyperglycemic clamp and in situ pancreatic perfusion. LF had low insulin secretion capacity and pancreatic $\beta-cell$ mass, indicating the increased possibility of diabetic prevalence and progression. MF increased $\beta-cell$ mass by stimulating $\beta-cell$ proliferation and neogenesis and reducing $\beta-cell$ apoptosis. In conclusion, MF is effective for the prevention of prevalence and progression of diabetes.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1568-1577
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• 2023

Objective: A study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of banana meal and rice bran from Australia or South-East Asia and test the hypothesis that there are no differences in rice bran produced in different countries, but there are differences between full-fat and defatted rice bran. Methods: Two sources of banana meal and 22 sources of rice bran (full-fat or defatted) from Australia or South-East Asia were used. All samples were analyzed for dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen, amino acids (AA), acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), ash, minerals, total starch, insoluble dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber. Banana meal was also analyzed for sugars including glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, stachyose, and raffinose. Results: Chemical analysis demonstrated that banana meal from the Philippines is primarily composed of starch. Full-fat rice bran from Australia had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of AEE, lysine, and glycine than samples from the Philippines and Vietnam. Full-fat rice bran from Australia and Thailand had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of gross energy and most AA than rice bran from Vietnam. Full-fat rice bran from Australia had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of tryptophan and manganese than all other sources, but full-fat rice bran from the Philippines contained less (p<0.05) zinc than all other sources of rice bran. Gross energy, AEE, and copper were greater (p<0.05) in full-fat rice bran compared with defatted rice bran, but defatted rice bran contained more (p<0.05) crude protein, ash, insoluble dietary fiber, total dietary fiber, AA, and some minerals than full-fat rice bran. Conclusion: Banana meal is a high-energy source that can be used as an alternative ingredient in livestock diets. Full-fat rice bran from Australia and Thailand contained more concentrations of AEE and AA than samples from the Philippines or Vietnam. Full-fat rice bran had more gross energy and AEE than defatted rice bran, whereas defatted rice bran contained more crude protein, ash, and total dietary fiber.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.48-65
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Changbudodam-tang on obesity by using high-fat diet rats. Methods: Rats were divided into five groups. Normal group: Normal diet, Control group: High-fat diet, Positive control group: High-fat diet+Dietamin 4 mg/kg/day, Changbudodam-tang-Low group: High-fat diet+Changbudodam-tang 250 mg/kg/day, Changbudodam-tang-High group: High-fat diet+Changbudodam-tang 500 mg/kg/day. Weight, food intake were measured every week. After 7 weeks, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, Triglyceride, free fatty acid, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, complete blood count were measured and messenger ribonucleic acid expression of adiponectin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, leptin were observed using Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of liver cells. Results: There was no difference in food intake between groups. Body weight tended to decrease compared with the Control group, but it wasn't statistically meaningfull. The total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, Triglyceride, free fatty acid tended to decrease compared with the Control group. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol tended to decrease compared with the Control group, but it wasn't statistically meaningfull. White blood cell, red blood cell, hemoglobin, platelet, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase were not affected by Changbudodam-tang. The messenger ribonucleic acid expression of Adiponectin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, leptin, which are involved in the differentiation of adipocytes, was decreased compared with the Control group. Conclusions: Based on the results above, it is suggested that Changbudodam-tang can be applied to improving serum lipid levels in obese patients caused by high fat diets.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.381-389
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• 2015

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a high fructose and fat diet on bone growth and maturation in growing female rats. Methods: Three-week-old female SD rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups; the control group (CON: fed control diet based on AIN-93G, n = 8); the high-fructose diet group (HFrc: fed control diet with 30% fructose, n = 8); the high-fat diet group (Hfat: fed control diet with 45 kcal% fat, n = 8); and the high-fat diet plus high fructose group (HFrc + HFat: fed diets 45 kcal% fat with 30% fructose, n = 8). Each group was assigned their respective diets for the remaining eight weeks. Bone-related parameters (bone mineral density (BMD) and structural parameters, osteocalcin (OC), deoxypyridinoline (DPD)) and morphologic changes of kidney were analyzed at the end of the experiment. Results: Final body weights and weight gain were higher in the HFat and HFrc + HFat groups and showed higher tendency in the HFrc group compared with those of the CON group (p < 0.05); however, no significant difference in caloric intake was observed among the four experimental groups. The serum OC levels of the HFrc and HFrc + HFat groups were lower than those of the CON and HFat groups (p < 0.05). Urinary levels of DPD did not differ among the experimental groups. BV/TV and Tb.N of trabecular bone were higher in the HFrc + HFat group and showed a higher tendency in the HFrc group than those of the CON and HFat groups (p < 0.05). Tb.Pf of trabecular bone were lower in the HFrc + HFat group than those in the CON and HFat groups (p < 0.05). However, no difference in trabecular BMD was observed among the experimental groups. Cortical bone volume was higher in the HFat and HFrc + HFat groups than in the CON and HFrc groups (p < 0.05). No morphology change in kidney was observed among the experimental groups. Conclusion: Our study suggests that 8 weeks of high-fructose and high fat intake could improve the bone quality (Structural parameters) of trabecular and cortical bone of tibia in growing female rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1338-1350
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• 2012

This review focuses on the nutritional effects from birth until age at first calving on growth, mammary developmental changes, and first-lactation milk yield in heifer calves. The advancement in the genetic potential and the nutritional requirements of the animals has hastened the growth rate. Genetic selection for high milk yield has suggested higher growth capacity and hence increasing nutritional inputs are required. Rapid rearing by feeding high energy or high concentrate diets not only reduces the age of sexual maturity but also lowers the time period of attaining the age of first calving. However, high energy diets may cause undesirable fat deposition thereby affecting future milk yield potential. Discrepancies exist whether overfed or overweight heifers at puberty can influence the mammary development and future milk yield potential and performance. The data on post-pubertal nutritional management suggested that body weight at calving and post-pubertal growth rate is important in first lactation milk yield. There is a continuous research need for strategic feeding that accelerates growth of dairy heifers without reduction in subsequent production. Nutritional management from birth, across puberty and during pregnancy is critical for mammary growth and for producing a successful cow. This review will mostly highlight studies carried out on dairy breeds and possible available opportunities to manipulate nutritional status from birth until age at first calving.