• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.45-59
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• 2018

Purpose - This paper aims to analyze the distinct pattern of clustering of imported automobile distributors and provide evidence for the phenomenon using Korean data. Research design, data, and methodology - In this paper, we use data from Korea Automobile Importers & Distributors Association of 23 foreign automobile brands to evaluate the degree of concentration of showrooms using locational Gini index. We identify possible causes for the high level of clustering from two perspectives; 1) on the distributors' side and 2) on the customers' side. Results - We find a very strong locational concentration of imported automobile showrooms within close vicinity in the major cities and districts in Korea. Locational Gini coefficients are 0.1024 at the national level, 0.1836~0.3763 at city level, and 0.3941~0.4311 at district level on a [0,0.5] scale. Conclusions - Luxury foreign automobile customers tend to shop extensively around multiple brands prior to their ideal model selection. Accordingly, the imported automobile distributors cluster together close to their direct competitors in order to give a good comparison opportunity for the potential customers. This will maximize the probability of the visits of potential customers and lead to successful sales performance.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.103-115
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• 1991

This study was executed to analyze the stress distribution of tooth, supporting structure and overdenture by two-dimensional photoelastics when 6 types of coping were inserted. Types of coping were designed to be inclined plane, short dome, medium dome, shore square, medium square and o-p anchor attachment. Fortes were applied respectively as follows: 1) Vertical load of 10 kg on the incisal edge 2) $30^{\circ}$ diagonal load of 8 kg on the labial surface. The results were as follows: 1. In case of short dome and o-p anchor attachment, the stress is evenly distributed on teeth, supporting tissue structure under vertical and $30^{\circ}$ diagonal load, then short dome and o-p anchor attachment show better stress distribution and stabilization of overdenture than any other coping under labial diagonal load. 2. Inclined plane revealed greater tendency of displacement of overdenture than any other coping under labial diagonal load. 3. Long height of copings had greater concentration of stress than short height of copings. 4. In case of medium dome under labial diagonal load, there were high level of stress concentration on denture base contacted labioincisal angle of coping.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.499-508
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• 2006

Atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured at the Chonbuk National University located in Jeonju, four times between June and November 2002, each time for five days. Twenty-four compounds including five alkyl PAHs and byphenyl were analyzed. Average total concentration of 24 PAHs was 85 $\pm$ 15 ng/$m^3$ and about 94% of PAHs existed in the gas phase. On an average, naphthalene accounted for about 30% of the total PAHs concentration. The gas/particle partitioning was not much varied during the measurement period. High molecular weight PAHs with five and six rings were primarily associated with fine particles less than 1 $\mu$m. Lower molecular weight PAHs were evenly distributed in fine and coarse particles so that their distribution was similar to that of TSP.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 1998

Visibility is a good indicator of comprehensive alto quality. The prevailing visibility in Seoul is no better than the past although the average concentration of SO2 and TSP (total suspended particulate) has decreased quite significantly in the past decade, owing to the government efforts to reduce the emission. Then, a question arises why visibility has not been improved. In order to answer this question we have investigated which components of air pollutants are most responsible for the visibility degradation in Seoul. Analysis on the visibility vs the aerosol sixte distribution measured by an optical particle counter shows that the particles of the size interval between 0.5mm and 2.5mm are most responsible for the visibility degradation. Among the criteria air Pollutants, NOB concentration is found to be moot responsible, rather than PM10. ton analysis of the particulate collected by a high volume sampler shows that the nitrate component increases more significantly than other ions when visibility becomes very poor. Therefore, we conclude that the major causes of visibility degradation in Seoul are the increase of NOB, nitrates and the particles of the size range between 0.5mm and 2.5mm.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.667-679
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• 2011

In this study, the influences of pollutant from Dae-po Stream and So-gam Stream located at the downstream of Nak-dong River on the water quality at Mul-geum water intake station were analyzed using RAMS model. Field measurements of velocity by ADCP, and water quality distribution of BOD and TP by water sampling were carried out to present the input and verification data for numerical simulations. The comparison between RAM2 and ADCP measurement, which aimed for the analysis of 2-D velocity distribution around Mul-geum water intake station showed that two results matched well along the spanwise direction. The prediction of pollutant concentration by RAM4 agreed fairly well with the measured data except for the points nearby right banks in the vicinity of tributary pollutant source. Flushing effect by the increase of mainstream discharge in Nak-dong River was analyzed to provide the damage mitigation in preparation for the accidental water pollution. With increasing mainstream discharge, high velocity and increased water quantity induced increasing dilution effect, thereby decreasing the inflow pollutant concentration rapidly.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2017

Purpose - Market orientation is a key factor for business performance in today's fluctuating conditions. This study investigates whether the employment of innovation can improve the innovative capability and increase the performance by gaining competitive advantages or not. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of market orientation on the performance of small and medium size distributer enterprises (SMDEs) in Iran. Research design, data, and methodology - Customer orientation, Competitor orientation, and Inter-functional coordination have been regarded as market orientation indices to determine the effects of these indices on marketing innovation, gaining competitive advantages, and companies' performance as well. Data were collected from managers and experts in SMDEs in Iran. The structural equations modeling are used for analysis. Results - The results indicated that marketing innovation has been improved in competitive companies that enjoyed a high level of Inter-functional coordination among the various units. Besides, marketing innovation resulted in gaining competitive advantages regarding cost management, concentration, and differentiation in these companies. In addition, it was observed that SMDEs that obtain competitive advantages are equipped to reap superior performance. Conclusions - With cost management, differentiation and concentration are more likely to enhance the enterprise efficiency and effectiveness than other companies. Additionally, competitiveness, inter-functional coordination, and marketing innovation in SMDEs have a positive impact on marketing innovation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2010

Experimental examinations for evaluating fracutres were conducted by using transparent replicas of a single fracture in order to obtain the fracture data to contribute to the methodlogy on how to improve the definitaion of representative parameter values used for a parallel plate fracture model. Quantitative aperture distribution and quantitative tracer concentration data at each point in time were obtained by measuring the attenuation of transmitted light through the fracture in high spatial resolution. the representative aperture values evaluated from the multiple different measurement methods, such as arithmetic mean of aperture distribution measured by the optical method, transport aperture evaluated from the tracer test, and average aperture evaluated from the fracture void volume measurement converged to a unique value that indicates the accuracy of this experimental study. The aperture data was employed for verifying the numerical simulation under the assuption of Local Cubic Law and showed that the calculated flow rate through the fracture is 10%-100% larger than hydraulic test results. The quantitative tracer concentration data is also very valuable for validating existing numerical code for advection dispersion transport in-plane heterogeneous fractures.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.453-462
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• 1996

This study was conducted to evaluate the level of atmospheric heavy metals and the relationship of that concentration with weather conditions. This research monitored the concentration of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) at every three hours by using High Volume Air Sampler from December 24th, of 1995 to Febuary 20th, 1996 in Kimhae area, which recently became a rapidly growing residential and industrial sitc. The items such as air-temperature, relative humidity, radition, wind speed, and wind direction were monitored by using Atmospheric Weather System at the same time. From the collected TSP, the concentration of heavy metals were analyzed by using the Atomic Absorption Spcetrophotometry. The mean concentration of TSP was 110.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m^3$, and the mean concentration of lead (Pb), copper(Cu), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), were 0.837 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m^3$, 0486 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m^3$, 0.264$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m^3$). The concentration of Pb and Mn was higher in the moring and that of Cu, Cr and Cd was higher in the afternoon and the evening. Regarding the relationship between the concentration of pollutants and weather condition, the-concentration TSP revealed positive correlation with temperature, humidity, wind speed, but negative correlation with tradition (p<0.01). The concentration of Mn revealed positive correlation with temperature and humidity, but negative correlation with wind speed (p<0.01). And the the concentration of pollutants and weather condition revealed higher correlation within the same time period. In summary, the paralleled mornitoring of air conditions and weather condition should be recommended to. get the correct informations concerning the pollution and to prevent the deterioration of air conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.04c
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• pp.50-53
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• 2008

In this work, the $TiO_2$ pigment influence in HDPE dielectric strength was analyzed. Chemical and structural characterizations were made to identify changes during the processing and your influence in the electrical properties. Formulations containing 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 of titanium dioxide were processed by extrusion and injection molding with stabilization-antioxidants, ultraviolet stabilizers and plasticizers. The electrical strength tests were analyzed by the statistical distribution of Weibull, and the maximum likelihood method. The high concentrations present lower values to electrical strength. The $\beta$ parameter could be using to insulator particles dispersion. The $TiO_2$ concentration variation shows that these incorporations implicate strength values increase has a maximum (5,35MV/cm). High pigment concentration induces a little falls in property values. Observing the $\beta$ parameter, minimum experiment electric field (Ebmin) and electric strength value, found that the best electric perform formulation was the formulation with 2.5% $TiO_2$ weight.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.331-332
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• 2007

In this work, the TiO2 pigment influence in HDPE dielectric strength was analyzed. Chemical and structural characterizations were made to identify changes during the processing and your influence in the electrical properties, formulations containing 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 of titanium dioxide were processed by extrusion and injection molding with stabilization-antioxidants, ultraviolet stabilizers and plasticizers. The electrical strength tests were analyzed by the statistical distribution of Weibull, and the maximum likelihood method. The high concentrations present lower values to electrical strength. The parameter could be using to insulator panicles dispersion. The TiO2 concentration variation shows that these incorporations implicate strength values increase has a maximum (5,35MV/cm). High pigment concentration induces a little falls in property values. Observing the parameter, minimum experiment electric field (Ebmin) and electric strength value, found that the best electric perform formulation was the formulation with 2.5% TiO2 weight.