• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제28권
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• pp.2.1-2.7
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• 2013

Objectives Tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are high production volume chemicals, mainly used as foodstuff additives, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, synthetic resin, and disinfectants. Phosphate has the potential to cause increased algal growth leading to eutrophication in the aquatic environment. However, there is no adequate information available on risk assessment or acute and chronic toxicity. The aim of this research is to evaluate the toxic potential of phosphate compounds in the aquatic environment. Methods An aquatic toxicity test of phosphate was conducted, and its physico-chemical properties were obtained from a database recommended in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidance manual. An ecotoxicity test using fish, Daphnia, and algae was conducted by the good laboratory practice facility according to the OECD TG guidelines for testing of chemicals, to secure reliable data. Results The results of the ecotoxicity tests of tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are as follows: In an acute toxicity test with Oryzias latipes, 96 hr 50% lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) was >100 (measured:>2.14) mg/L and >100 (measured: >13.5) mg/L, respectively. In the Daphnia test, 48 hr 50% effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) was >100 (measured: >5.35) mg/L and >100 (measured: >2.9) mg/L, respectively. In a growth inhibition test with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, 72 hr $EC_{50}$ was >100 (measured: >1.56) mg/L and >100 (measured: >4.4) mg/L, respectively. Conclusions Based on the results of the ecotoxicity test of phosphate using fish, Daphnia, and algae, $L(E)C_{50}$ was above 100 mg/L (nominal), indicating no toxicity. In general, the total phosphorus concentration including phosphate in rivers and lakes reaches levels of several ppm, suggesting that phosphate has no toxic effects. However, excessive inflow of phosphate into aquatic ecosystems has the potential to cause eutrophication due to algal growth.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.336-341
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: It is expected that dairy products such as cheeses, which are the main source of cholesterol and saturated fat, may lead to the development or increase the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases; however, the results of different studies are inconsistent. This study was conducted to assess the association between cheese consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in an Iranian adult population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Information from the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program (IHHP) was used for this cross-sectional study with a total of 1,752 participants (782 men and 970 women). Weight, height, waist and hip circumference measurement, as well as fasting blood samples were gathered and biochemical assessments were done. To evaluate the dietary intakes of participants a validated food frequency questionnaire, consists of 49 items, was completed by expert technicians. Consumption of cheese was classified as less than 7 times per week and 7-14 times per week. RESULTS: Higher consumption of cheese was associated with higher C-Reactive Protein (CRP), apolipoprotein A and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level but not with fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and apolipoprotein B. Higher consumption of cheese was positively associated with consumption of liquid and solid oil, grain, pulses, fruit, vegetable, meat and dairy, and negatively associated with Global Dietary Index. After control for other potential confounders the association between cheese intake and metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.81; 96%CI: 0.71-0.94), low HDL-C level (OR: 0.87; 96%CI: 0.79-0.96) and dyslipidemia (OR: 0.88; 96%CI: 0.79-0.98) became negatively significant. CONCLUSION: This study found an inverse association between the frequency of cheese intake and cardiovascular risk factors; however, further prospective studies are required to confirm the present results and to illustrate its mechanisms.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2008

목 적 만성 알코올 환자의 정신과적 치료에 있어 금주는 가장 기본적이고 필수적인 요소이다. 여러 연구들은 알코올 섭취량과 심혈관계 위험도 사이에'J'자형 또는'U'자형의 관계를 보고하고 있다. 따라서 금주 치료가 심혈관계 위험도를 감소시킬 것으로 예상되나, 심혈관계 위험도와 밀접한 관련을 맺고 있는 혈청 지질에 대한 연구들은 다소 상반된 결과를 보고하고 있다. 본 연구는 만성 알코올 환자에서 단기간의 금주가 혈청 지질에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보는 것이다. 방 법 저자들은 DSM-IV 진단기준에 따라 알코올 의존으로 진단되어 정신과 폐쇄병동에 입원한 28명의 남자 환자를 대상으로 1개월 간의 금주 치료 전후 혈청 지질농도를 비교하였다. 결 과 1개월간의 금주 후에 혈청 중성지방과 고밀도 지단백 농도가 저하되는 것으로 나타났다. 총콜레스테롤과 저밀도 지단백 농도는 통계적으로 유의미한 변화를 보이지 않았으나 각각 감소, 증가하는 경향성을 보였다. 결 론 금주 치료가 혈청 지질 상태를 개선시켜 심혈관계 위험도를 줄여줄 수 있을 것이라는 기대와는 달리, 1개월 간의 금주는 심혈관계 위험도와 음의 상관관계가 있는 고밀도 지단백의 농도를 감소시키는 결과를 보였다. 이는 기존의 몇몇 연구에서 보고된 바와 같이, 단기간의 금주는 오히려 일시적으로 심혈관계 위험도를 높일 우려가 있는 것으로, 알코올 의존 환자에 대한 금주 치료시 심혈관계 질환에 대한 주의가 필요함을 시사한다고 하겠다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.107-131
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• 2006

Background and Aims: Dansamtongmek-tang (DSTMT) and Dansamsengmek-san (DSSMS) have been used for many years as therapeutic agents for the acute stage of cerebrovascular disease, hypertension and hyperlipidemia in Oriental medicine, but the effects of DSTMT and DSSMS on hyperlipidemia and safety for cell damage are not yet well-known. This study was done to investigate the effects of DSTMT and DSSMS on hyperlipidemia. Methods: In vivo test: after administering DSTMT and DSSMS to SHR and ICR occurred hyperlipidemia for 3 weeks, we analyzed body weight, cholesterol levels. TG, HDL-chol, LDL-chol, LDH in plasma, brain, liver and kidney tissue, and DNA by RT-PCR. In vitro test: after administering DSTMT and DSSMS to human hepatocellular carcinoma in hypoxia, we observed cell cohesion by light microscope, analyzed the inflow of Ca2+ by confocal laser scanning microscope and DNA by RT-PCR. Results: DSTMT significantly decreased the levels of triglyceride and increased the levels of HDL-cholesterol in SHR, and significantly decreased the levels of LDL-cholesterol and body weight and increased the levels of HDL-cholesterol in ICR. DSSMS significantly decreased body weight, total cholesterol levels, LDL-cholesterol, LDH and cardiac risk factor (CRE) in SHR and significantly decreased the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, LDH and CRF in ICR. DSTMT had an effect on protecting cells from damage by inhibiting production of p53 mRNA, and in DSSMS, by inhibiting production of p53 mRNA and p21 mRNA after hypoxia. DSTMT effectively blocked off Ca2+ at low density, but DSSMS effectively blocked off Ca2+ at high density. Both DSTMT and DSSMS had an effect on inhibiting lipid metabolism by blocking off production of apo B mRNA. Conclusions: These results suggest that DSTMT and DSSMS might be usefully applied for treatment of hyperlipidemia and suppression of brain damage.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.64-74
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• 2005

To develop the diet for Korean type 2 diabetic patients, a consumer survey was conducted (N=35) and was analyzed statistically. The survey compared the results of a questionnaire, somatometry, and blood parameters before and 8 weeks after the experiment. It was divided into Diabetic diet enforcement group (DDE) vs. Non diabetic diet enforcement group (NDDE). There was no significant difference in body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat, triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of the subjects before and 8 weeks after the experiment. DDE's average fasting glucose (FBG) and post prandial 2 hours blood glucose (PP2) were significantly decreased before and after the experiment (p<0.05). NDDE's average FBG and PP2 showed no significant difference. In terms of Hemoglobin $A_lC\;(HbA_1C)$ content, DDE's had significantly decreased level both before and after the experiment (p<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the NDDE group. Cholesterol and High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were significantly different in DDE (p<0.05) both before and after the experiment. Whereas in the case of NDDE, there was no significant difference on the cholesterol and HDL-C, while DDE's showed a significant difference before and after the experiment. In terms of patients distribution depending on their treatment (p<0.05), NDDE had no significant difference before and after the experiment. For an item asking blood glucose control, DDE had significant difference before and after the experiment (p<0.01), while NDDE had no significant difference. For program satisfaction (p<0.05) and health (p<0.001), both the groups changed significantly after the experiment. But there was no significant difference in applying it to their real life after the experiment. Based on these results, DDE had the decreased blood glucose levels, $HbA_1C$, and cholesterol and increased HDL-C, with decreased rate of the patients taking oral hypoglycemic agents. In addition, many of the patients who participated in the experiment were found to be satisfied with the program, in terms of having less trouble in glucose control and exhibited improvement in health. Hence, based on the above results it was concluded that program was a very successful one for the treatment of diabetes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.683-689
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• 2017

Objective: The experiments were carried out to measure the effect of multivitamin, acidifier and Azolla on growth performance, profitability and lipid profiles of blood of broiler chickens to produce safe and cost effective broilers. Methods: In experiment 1, 240 day-old Cobb-500 broiler chicks were fed diets; $D_1$ (control), $D_2$ ($D_1$ with 1 mL multivitamin/liter water), $D_3$ ($D_1$ with 1 mL acidifier/liter water), $D_4$ ($D_1$ with 1 mL multivitamin and 2 mL acidifier/liter water) having 3 replications in each, and 20 chicks/replication. In experiment 2, 150 day-old Cobb-500 broiler chicks were fed diets; $T_1$ (control), $T_2$ (5% Azolla in the diet), $T_3$ (7% Azolla in the diet) and $T_4$ ($T_1$ with 1 mL multivitamin and 1 mL acidifier/liter water) having 3 replications in each, and 20 chicks/replication in control, and 10 chicks/replication in the remaining dietary treatment groups for 35 days. Results: In experiment 1, the highest live weight was observed in $D_4$ (p<0.05), however, feed intake was statistically similar between diets (p>0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p<0.001) and mortality (p<0.05) were observed in $D_2$ followed by $D_4$, $D_1$, and $D_3$, respectively. There were no significant differences between diets for feed cost and net profit (p>0.05). However, evidently but not significantly, the highest net profit was obtained in $D_2$ followed by $D_4$, $D_1$, and $D_3$, respectively. In experiment 2, the highest live weight (p<0.05) and feed intake (p<0.001) were observed in $T_4$. Mortality (p<0.01), FCR (p<0.01), feed cost (p<0.05) and net profit (p<0.05) were significantly different among diets. Considering net profit, $T_2$ was the best performing dietary group followed by $T_3$, $T_1$, and $T_4$, respectively. The lowest lipid profiles were observed in $D_3$ followed by $D_1$, $D_4$, and $D_2$, respectively (p<0.05). In experiment 2, the lowest total cholesterol, TG, and the highest amount of high density lipoprotein were observed in $T_2$, followed by $T_3$, $T_1$, and $T_4$, respectively (p<0.05). Evidently but not significantly, low density lipoprotein was the highest in $T_2$ followed by $T_3$, $T_4$, and $T_1$, respectively (p>0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, Azolla and acidifier reduced lipid profiles of broiler chickens. Considering net profit and lipid profiles, 5% Azolla may be the suitable dietary group for producing safe and profitable broilers. However, more studies are needed to confirm this study prior to suggesting using Azolla in the poultry industry.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.92-100
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• 2018

The manufacturer of a linear accelerator (LINAC) has reported that the target melting phenomenon could be caused by a non-recommended output setting and the excessive use of monitor unit (MU) with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Due to these reasons, we observed an unexpected beam interruption during the treatment of a patient in our institution. The target status was inspected and a replacement of the target was determined. After the target replacement, the beam profile was adjusted to the machine commissioning beam data, and the absolute doses-to-water for 6 MV and 10 MV photon beams were calibrated according to American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group (TG)-51 protocol. To verify the beam data after target replacement, the beam flatness, symmetry, output factor, and percent depth dose (PDD) were measured and compared with the commissioning data. The difference between the referenced and measured data for flatness and symmetry exhibited a coincidence within 0.3% for both 6 MV and 10 MV, and the difference of the PDD at 10 cm depth ($PDD_{10}$) was also within 0.3% for both photon energies. Also, patient-specific quality assurances (QAs) were performed with gamma analysis using a 2-D diode and ion chamber array detector for eight patients. The average gamma passing rates for all patients for the relative dose distribution was $99.1%{\pm}1.0%$, and those for absolute dose distribution was $97.2%{\pm}2.7%$, which means the gamma analysis results were all clinically acceptable. In this study, we recommend that the beam characteristics, such as beam profile, depth dose, and output factors, should be examined. Further, patient-specific QAs should be performed to verify the changes in the overall beam delivery system when a target replacement is inevitable; although it is more important to check the beam output in a daily routine.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.392-401
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• 2010

본 연구는 연구소에 근무하고 있는 남성 연구원들의 스트레스 수준을 알아보고, 스트레스와 관상동맥질환 위험인자와의 관련성을 알아보고자 시도하였다. 조사대상은 대전시의 대덕연구단지에 있는 한 연구소의 남성근로자들 중 자기기입식 설문조사에 응하고, 조사기간에 한 대학병원 건강검진센터에서 종합건강검진을 받았던 301명으로 하였다. 사회심리적 스트레스는 사회심리적 건강측정도구(Psychosocial Well-bing Index; PWI)로 개발된 18문항을 이용하였고, 관상동맥질환 위험인자로는 수축기 및 확장기혈압, 중성지질, 총콜레스테롤, HDL-콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, 공복 시 혈당 및 체지방률을 측정하였다. 연구결과, 사회심리적 스트레스는 인구사회학적 특성이나 직업관련 특성뿐만 아니라 건강관련행위의 실천여부 등과도 유의한 관련성이 있었으며, 또한 스트레스 수준이 높아질수록 관상동맥질환 위험요인의 하나인 혈압이 유의하게 증가하였다.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.25-31
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• 1996

과실, 채소류가 수확 후 발생하는 에칠렌 등의 가스를 흡착하는 소재를 개발하여 과재류의 신선도 유지용 포장소재로 개발코자 천연제올라이트와 이를 가공한 소재들간의 특성을 검토하였다. 천연 제올라이트의 성분조성은 $SiO_2$가 66.34%, $Al_2O_3$가 13.89%였고 Si/Al의 몰비가 4.78로서 silica가 비교적 높은 게올라이트였으며, DTA와 TG 곡선에서 $80^{\circ}C$ 부근에서 미미한 탈수를 나타냈고 $1,000^{\circ}C$에서 16%의 감량이 나타났다. X-선 회절분석 결과 mordenite가 주요구성광물이었으며, 비표면적은 천연 제올라이트가 $75.2m^2/g$였으나 가열온도가 높아짐에 따라서 비표면적은 $2.12m^2/g$까지 감소함으로 열처리에 의한 방법은 바람직하지 않았으나, 화학 처리한 것들의 비표면적은 1N HCl로 처리한 것은 $90.78m^2/g$으로 나타나 산처리 한 것이 비표면적이 가장 높게 나타났는데, 이는 천연 제올라이트 보다 약 4배 증가되었다. 따라서, 포장소재로는 산처리한 것이 가장 우수하였다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.275-280
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• 2005

Hyperlipidemia is one of the major factors causing the atherosclerosis of coronary arteries and well-documented modifiable risk factors of stroke, especially of the ischemic type. For Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus sufferers, if blood sugar is appropriately maintained, lipid and lipoprotein are normal, but if blood sugar is inappropriately maintained or clinical Diabetic nephropathy induces metabolic disorder of lipid, then Total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels go up and high density lipoprotein levels go down. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of treatment with Ojeok-san and to observe the changes in Fasting Blood Sugar(FBS), 2 Hours Postprandial Blood Sugar(PP2h), Haemoglobin A1c(HbA1c), Total Cholesterol(T-Chol) and Triglyceride(TG). After the treatment, Fasting Blood Sugar decreased from 149mg/dl to 89mg/dl. 2 Hours Postprandial Blood Sugar decreased from l85mg/dl to 110mg/dl. Haemoglobin A1c decreased from 6.3% to 5.7%. Total Cholesterol decreased from 268mg/dl to 217mg/dl. And Triglyceride decreased from 438mg/dl to 265mg/dl. These results support a role for oriental medical therapy in treating Diabetic Hyperlipidemia. Further case studies of herbal treatment of this ailment are needed.