• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2011

Purpose: Acetanilide has been in widespread use as an amide herbicide compound. However, available data regarding acute human poisoning is scarce. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of acetanilide poisoning in order to identify the risk factors associated with severity. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study encompassing the period January 2005 to December 2010, including adult ED patients suffering from acetanilide intoxication. Toxicological history, symptoms observed, clinical signs of toxicity, and laboratory test results were collected for each patient. The patients were classified into two groups for analysis, according their poisoning severity score (PSS). Resulting clinical data and prognostic variables were compared between mild-to-moderate poisoning (PSS 1/2 grades), and severe poisonings and fatalities (PSS 3/4 grades). Results: There were a total of 37 patients, including 26 alachlor, 6 s-metolachlor, 4 mefenacet, and 1 butachlor cases. The majority of patients (81.1%) were assigned PSS 1/2 grades. Changes in mental status and observation of adverse neurologic symptoms were more common in the PSS 3/4 group. The median ingested volume of amide herbicide compound was 250 ml (IQR 200-300 ml) in the PSS 3/4 group, and 80 ml (IQR 50-138 ml) in the PSS 1/2 group. Also, the median GCS observed in the PSS 3/4 group was 13 (IQR 10-14), which was markedly low as compared to a median GCS of 15 in the PSS 1/2 group. Overall mortality rate was 5.4%, and profound cardiogenic shock was observed prior to death in all fatalities. Conclusion: When compared to previous reports, acute acetanilide poisoning resulted in relatively moderate severity. The presence of neurologic manifestations, hypotension, lower GCS score, and larger ingested volumes was associated with more serious effects and mortalities.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2001

제초제 저항성 오이 (Cucumis sativus L. cv Green angel)를 생산하기 위하여 배발생 현탁배양세포와 binary vector pGA-bar을 지닌 Agrobacterium tumefacians (LBA4404)를 공동배양하였다. 형질전환 벡터의 T-DNA부분에는 kanamycin에 저항성을 나타내는 neomycin phosphotrans ferase (npt II) 유전자와 phosphinothricin (PPT)에 저항성을 나타내는 phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar) 유전자를 지니고 있다. 48시간의 공동배양 후 배발생 캘러스는 20mg/L PPT가 함유된 성숙배지에서 배양하였다. 약 200개체의 형질전환 유식물체를 40mg/L PPT가 첨가된 호르몬이 없는 배지에서 생산하였다. 5개의 오이 형질전환 식물체의 염색체에 bar유전자가 도입되어 발현되는 것을 northern blot 분석을 통하여 확인하였다. 형질전환 오이 식물체가 토양에서 성숙되었다. 성숙한 오이 식물체는 PPT가 함유된 상업적 제초제 (Basta)를 일반적인 사용 농도 (3ml/L)처리시에도 저항성을 나타내며 생장하였다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.225-232
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• 2010

과산화계 제초제 oxyfluorfen이 처리된 비형질전환 벼와 형질전환 벼에서 Protox 발현 위치가 제초제 저항성에 미치는 영향을 비교하였다. Arabidopsis protoporphyrinogen oxidase(Protox; AP 계통)를 색소체에만 발현하는 형질전환 벼와 Myxococcus xanthus Protox 유전자를 색소체와 미토콘드리아에 모두 발현하는 형질전환 벼(TTS 계통)가 형질전환 시스템으로 사용되었다. Oxyfluorfen이 처리된 TTS4 계통은 AP 계통이나 비형질전환 벼에 비해 낮은 수준의 세포질 누출 및 malonyldialdehyde를 보여주었고, 높은 5-aminolevulinic acid 합성 능력을 유지하였다. Oxyfluorfen 작용 동안, TTS4 계통은 AP1 계통보다 높은 제초제 저항성을 보여주었는데, 이는 색소체만에서의 Arabidopsis Protox의 발현에 비해 색소체와 미토콘드리아에서의 M. xanthus Protox의 쌍발현이 광역학적인 protoporphyrin IX의 축적을 더 효율적으로 억제하였기 때문일 것이다. 이 결과들은 미토콘드리아 내 Protox의 발현이 Protox 저해형 제초제에 대한 식물의 저항성에 크게 기여함을 의미한다.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2014

아시아 태평양 지역의 농업 시스템에서 잡초방제에 관한 최근 연구동향을 파악하고 이를 토대로 향후 잡초방제 발전방향과 전망을 제시하고자 하였다. 제 24차 아시아-태평양 잡초학회에서 우리나라를 포함한 16개국 190여명이 참석하였으며 11개 분야에서160편이 발표되었다. 주요 연구분야로는 외래잡초의 발생생태, allelopathy, 논에서의 잡초관리, 일반작물에서의 잡초관리, 제초제 저항성잡초 등이었다. 쌀은 아시아 국가의 주된 식량작물로서 이와 관련된 잡초방제 및 제초제 저항성에 관한 연구내용이 주를 이루었으며 옥수수, 콩, 밀 재배지에서의 잡초방제 분야에서도 꾸준한 연구가 이루어졌다. 앞으로 기후변화에 따른 문제잡초의 증가 및 인구증가에 따른 식량부족현상을 해결하기 위해 잡초관련 연구의 중요성이 대두되고 있으며, 다양한 잡초방제 체계를 확립하고 저항성잡초를 방제하기 위한 연구들이 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것으로 전망된다.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.277-283
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• 2009

One of the limitations to conducting maize Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using explants of immature zygotic embryos routinely is the availability of the explants. To produce immature embryos routinely and continuously requires a well-equipped greenhouse and laborious artificial pollination. To overcome this limitation, an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system using explants of type II embryogenic calli was developed. Once the type II embryogenic calli are produced, they can be subcultured and/or proliferated conveniently. The objectives of this study were to demonstrate a stable Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of maize using explants of type II embryonic calli and to evaluate the efficiency of the protocol in order to develop herbicide-resistant maize. The type II embryogenic calli were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1 carrying binary vector pTF102, and then were subsequently cultured on the following media: co-cultivation medium for 1 day, delay medium for 7 days, selection medium for $4{\times}14$ days, regeneration medium, and finally on germination medium. The T-DNA of the vector carried two cassettes (Ubi promoter-EPSPs ORF-nos and 35S promoter-bar ORF-nos). The EPSPs conferred resistance to glyphosate and bar conferred resistance to phosphinothricin. The confirmation of stable transformation and the efficiency of transformation was based on the resistance to phosphinothricin indicated by the growth of putative transgenic calli on selection medium amended with $4mg\;1^{-1}$ phosphinothricin, northern blot analysis of bar gene, and leaf painting assay for detection of bar gene-based herbicide resistance. Northern blot analysis and leaf painting assay confirmed the expression of bar transgenes in the $R_1$ generation. The average transformation efficiency was 0.60%. Based on northern blot analysis and leaf painting assay, line 31 was selected as an elite line of maize resistant to herbicide.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.246-256
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• 1998

Metsulfuron-methyl 처리시 옥수수에 발현되는 자색화의 원인을 알아보기 위하여 제반실험을 수행하였다. Metsulfuron-methyl 처리시 농도와 시간에 의존하여 당과 anthocyanin의 함량이 증가되었고, 증가된 anthocyanin은 ILE+VAL이나 DCMU 처리에 의해서 경감되었다. 당을 외부로부터 공급하였을 때 당 농도에 의존하여 anthocyanin 함량이 증가되었고, 당형성이 제한되어 있는 백화조직에서는 metsulfuron-methyl 처리로 anthocyanin 생성이 증가되지 않았다. 그리고 metsulfuron-methyl은 광합성 자체를 억제하지 않았다. Metsulfuron-methyl에 의한 anthocyanin 축적을 구조 유전자 변이주 모두에서는 관찰할 수 없었고, 조절유전자 변이주 중에서는 R-r, r-r에서만 anthocyanin축적을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이들의 제반 결과는 metsulfuron-methyl이 처리되면 광합성 산물인 당이 축적되고, 이는 anthocyanin 생합성 과정에 관련된 유전자를 자극함으로써 anthocyanin 생합성과정을 활성화시키며 이로 인해 옥수수가 자색화됨을 시사해 준다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.89-103
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• 1979

1978연도 전남 광주시, 전남大 농견 전작시험장에서 수행된 대두 제초제의 안전사용 및 사용효과 구명시험 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 작물의 생육 및 수량성은 제초효과에 따른 향상보다 약해에 따른 억제의 영향에 민감한 경향이었고, 억제의 정도는 약종에 따른 변이보다 약해별 처리약량수준에 따른 변이가 켰다. 2. Alachier, Metribuzin, RH-8817 등은 안금사용폭이 비교적 큰 편이었다. 3. Alachier는 바랭이, 피, 방동산이, Nitrofen은 피, 방동관이, Metribuzin은 쇠비름, RH-8817은 바랭이, 피, 방동산이, 쇠 비름의 방제효과가 탁월하였다. 4. 대두 품종과 제초제 약종간에 유의성 있는 저항성관계는 인정되지 않았다. 5. 토성별 대두의 발아차이는 주로 산소공급조건의 차이에 기인하였으며, 산소공급이 좋은 상태에서는 제초제간에 발아억제 영향이 적어지는 경향이었다. RH-8817은 발아를 촉진하는 경향이 있다. 6. Simazin, Linuron, Metribuzin은 초기생육중의 동화억제를 통한 황변현상이, Alachlor는 생육어제현상이, RH-8817은 생육억제 및 생장점 부위의 괴저현상이 일반적 약해증세로 나타났다. 7. Simzin과 Linurrm 처리에서는 처이직후 약해 차리정도가 시간경과에 따라 확대되는 경향이었다. 8. 제초제 처리수준증대에 따른 경·근 및 근류생성억제의 영향은 상호 유의적 관계하에서 증대되는 경향이었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2003

In spite water direct seeding cultivation of rice has advantages in terms of laborsaving and cost-down, it demonstrates uneven seedling establishment and difficult weed management. To select an applicable mat for mulching system of water seeded rice, weed occurrence, growth and yield performances of rice, and soil temperature were evaluated in several kinds of biodegradable mulching material. Field studies were conducted at the experimental farm of National Crop Experiment Station in 1999 and 2000. Among the mats tested in 1999, Safer-mat had the greatest effect on inhibiting weed occurrence and Lawn-mat demonstrated the least efficacy of weed control (EWC) value. In Safer-mat treatment, Ludwigia prostrata was the dominant weed species but Echinochloa crus-galli was not observed. Different kinds of mulching material from the mats studied in 1999 were tested in 2000. Biodegradable polyester (PES) coated on the recycled paper for newspaper press (RP) treatments showed similar or higher EWC values than non-mulched broadcast seed rice with 2 times of herbicide application (BC-herbicide) and Safer-mat that was the most effective mat on preventing weed appearance in 1999. Immediately after mat mulching on the surface of paddy soil, five pregerminated rice seeds were manually sown in each 3cm-hole formerly punctured at 30${\times}$14 cm spacing in 2000. All the 3 kinds of mulching material tested in 2000 had better seedling stand than BC-herbicide treatment. Rice yield in PES coated with 10 thickness on RP (PES10 $\mu\textrm{m}$＋RP) was a little higher than in BC-herbicide treatment but the former produced less panicles in unit land area than the latter. PES10 $\mu\textrm{m}$＋RP demonstrated a great effect on raising soil surface temperature than non-mulching treatment throughout the period of seedling establishment.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.263-270
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• 1996

This experiment was conducted to investigate the loss of various herbicides by means of vola-tility from the turfgrass field and the hare ground with the different soil moisture contents and temperatures. Different herbicides were applied at the rates of 375 g a.i. /l0a of pendimethalin,250 g a.i. /l0a of napropamide, and 96.4 g a.i. /l0a of dicamba with 200 \ulcorner/10a of spray volume in the turfgrass(Zoysia japonica cut off 5cm) grown in pots(265.8 $cm^2$) and bared soil. The pots were placed in the growth chamber with 10,000 lux of light intensity(12h per day) at 25 and 35˚C for 7days. Amberlite XAD polymeric resin(20/50 mesh) was used as sampling media for herbicide airborne residues. Air flow was maintained at 10 \ulcorner /min by vacuum pump regulated with a factory calibrated flow meter. Herbicide airborne residues were extracted from the XAD resin with 300 ml of 1:1 acetone and hexane. The extracts were concentrated by rotary evaporation at 35˚C and dissolved in 1 ml MeCN for HPLC analysis. The airborne losses of the herbicide applied in the turfgrass and bare soil increased as the temperature and soil moisture contents were increased, regardless of the kinds of herbicide. Higher airborne residues was observed in the turfgrass pots than the bare soil pots. Pendimethalin and dicamba with higher vapor pressure gave rise to the increased loss of airborne herbicides, showing that 6.26 and 6.4% of average airborne loss in pendimethalin and dicamba, respectively, compared to 0.56% in napropamide. The amount of airborne losses in turfgrass was highest at one day after application and then a declined trend was observed as the time was prolonged. Key words. Herbicides, Turfgrass field, Bare ground, Volatility.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 2011

Purpose: Although glyphosate-surfactant herbicide intoxication is relatively mild toxic in humans, we encountered an atypical clinical presentation. We performed this study to understand the atypical clinical course and factors associated with severe intoxication after glyphosate ingestion. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 61 patients (male 43, mean age $54{\pm}18.8$ years) who were presented with glyphosate ingestion between March 1997 and March 2011. The severe intoxication group was defined as patients with systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg, respiratory distress needing intubation, or altered mental state. Results: Of the 61 patients, 22 patients (36.1%) had a severe clinical course, 1 patient (1.6%) had died and 1 patient (1.6%) had moribund discharge. The most common symptoms were nausea with or without vomiting which occurred in 30 patients (49.2%). Twenty-seven patients had metabolic acidosis that was the second most common medical complication. Advanced age, pH, base excess, $HCO_3$, Sat, creatinine, X-ray abnormalities and ECG abnormalities were significant factors. Hemoglobin, platelet, $pO_2$, $pCO_2$, BUN, sodium, potassium and AST levels were not different comparing the laboratory characteristics between the severe and mild intoxication groups. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that severe intoxication occurred in 22 patients (36.1%) after glyphosate intoxication. Advanced age, pH, base excess, $HCO_3$, Sat, creatinine, X-ray abnormality and ECG abnormalities were significant predictive factors for severe intoxication in patients with glyphosate surfactant herbicide poisoning.