• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1665-1669
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• 2015

Background: The optimal surgical strategy for the treatment of synchronous resectable gastric cancer liver metastases remains controversial. The aims of this study were to analyze the outcome and overall survival of patients presenting with gastric cancer and liver metastases treated by simultaneous resection. Materials and Methods: Between January 1990 and June 2009, 35 patients diagnosed with synchronous hepatic metastases from gastric carcinoma received simultaneous resection of both primary gastric cancer and synchronous hepatic metastases. The clinicopathologic features and the surgical results of the 35 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The 5-year overall survival rate after surgery was 14.3%. Five patients survived for more than 5 years after surgery. No mortality has occurred within 30 days after resection, although two patients (5.7%) developed complications during the peri-operative course. Univariate analysis revealed that patients with the presence of lymphovascular invasion of the primary tumor, bilateral liver metastasis and multiple liver metastases suffered poor survival. Lymphovascular invasion by the primary lesion and multiple liver metastases were significant prognostic factors that influenced survival in the multivariate analysis (p=0.02, p=0.001, respectively). Conclusions: The presence of lymphovascular invasion of the primary tumor and multiple liver metastases are significant prognostic determinants of survival. Gastric cancer patients without lymphovascular invasion and with a solitary synchronous liver metastasis may be good candidates for hepatic resection. Simultaneous resection of both primary gastric cancer and synchronous hepatic metastases may effectively prolong survival in strictly selected patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.3045-3050
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• 2013

Purpose: Hepatic resection is arguably the preferred treatment for huge hepatocellular carcinoma (H-HCC). Estimating the remnant liver volume is therefore essential. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using computer-assisted volumetric analysis for this purpose. Methods: The study involved 40 patients with H-HCC. Laboratory examinations were conducted, and a contrast CT-scan revealed that 30 cases out of the participating 40 had single-lesion tumors. The remaining 10 had less than three satellite tumors. With the consensus of the team, two physicians conducted computer-assisted 3D segmentation of the liver, tumor, and vessels in each case. Volume was automatically computed from each segmented/labeled anatomical field. To estimate the resection volume, virtual lobectomy was applied to the main tumor. A margin greater than 1 cm was applied to the satellite tumors. Resectability was predicted by computing a ratio of functional liver resection (R) as (Vresected-Vtumor)/(Vtotal-Vtumor) x 100%, applying a threshold of 50% and 60% for cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic cases, respectively. This estimation was then compared with surgical findings. Results: Out of the 22 patients who had undergone hepatectomies, only one had an R that exceeded the threshold. Among the remaining 18 patients with non-resectable H-HCC, 12 had Rs that exceeded the specified ratio and the remaining 6 had Rs that were < 50%. Four of the patients who had Rs less than 50% underwent incomplete surgery due to operative findings of more extensive satellite tumors, vascular invasion, or metastasis. The other two cases did not undergo surgery because of the high risk involved in removing the tumor. Overall, the ratio of functional liver resection for estimating resectability correlated well with the other surgical findings. Conclusion: Efficient pre-operative resectability assessment of H-HCC using computer-assisted volumetric analysis is feasible.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1014-1023
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• 1998

The influences of fish oil and different levels of vitamin I supplement on hepatocellular chemical carcinogenesis have been studied. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received diethylnitrosamine (DEN)(200mg/kg body weight) and were subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy to induce murine chemical hepatocarcinogenic procedure. Placental glutathione S-transferase(GST-P) positive foci area, antioxidant enzymes(Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase, glutathione reductase (GR), total- glutathione peroxidase (TGPx), glutathione S -transferase (GST)), glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activities, and lipid peroxidation of microsomes(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) were measured. Experimental animals were fed 15% corn or fish oil with 0, 40, 1,000, 10,000IU vitamin E /kg diet for 8 weeks. Vitamin E supplements decreased the area of GST-P positive foci in both groups. The higher the vitamin E levels, the smaller the area of GST-P positive foci were noticed. Compared to 0 IU vitamin E, 40 IU in corn oil and 1,000 IU in fish oil groups were effective in decreasing G57-P positive foci area. Fish oil groups tended to have smaller area of GST-P positive foci. fish oil groups showed lower body weight, lower activities of Cu/Zn-SOD and TGPx, higher TBARS contents, higher activities of GST, catalase, G6Pase, GR and higher liver/body ratio than corn oil groups. As the level of vitamin I increased, GST-P positive foci count, catalase activities, and TBARS tended to decrease. G6Pase activities tended to increase in both groups. At higher vitamin E levels, GST activities tended to decrease in fish oil groups. These results suggest that vitamin I has suppressive offects on hepatocellular chemical carcinogenesis probably through antioxidant eH:cts decreasing TBARS contents, $H_2O$$_2$, and organic peroxides. fish oil tended to have greated suppressive offects than corn oil on hepatocellular carcinogenesis. (Korean J Nutrition 31(6) : 1014-1023, 1998)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1993.04a
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• pp.96-96
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• 1993

간부분 절제술을 하지 않는 비수술적 방법으로서 D-galactosamine을 이용한 중기발암성 시험의 개발을 목적으로 F344 수괵 랫드를 이용하여 본 실험을 수행하였다. 실험 I 에서는 실험방법에 따라 3가지 모델로 구분하고, 각 모델에 처치군과 대조군을 두었다. 모델 1 에서는 실험개시시에 diethylinitrosamine (DEN)을 200 mg/kg body weight로 복강내로 1회 투여하고, 실험개시후 2및 5주에 D-galactosamine을 300 mg/kg body weight로 복강내로 각각 1회 투여하였다. 처치군에는 실험개시후 2주부터 6주간 2-acetylaminofluorene을 0.01%로 혼합한 사료를 급여하였으며, 대조군에는 기초사료를 계속 급여하였다. 모델 2에서는 모델 1의 4주차까지의 처치를 2회 반복하였다. 모델 3은 간부분 절제술을 하는 DEN-PH (diethylnitrosamine-partial hepatectomy) 모델과 같은 방법으로 처치하였다. 사육기간 중 매주 체중 및 사료소비량을 측정하였고, DEN 투여후 8주에 전동물을 부검하여 적출한 간의 중량을 측정하고, glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) 양성 foci에 대한 면역조직화학적 염색표본을 만들어 GST-P 양성 foci의 수 및 면적을 측정하였다. 실험 II에서는 모델 1의 방법으로 phenobarbital(PB), 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), n-ethyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine 및 3,3'-diaminobenzidine외 GST-P 양성 foci의 발현정도를 조사하였다. 실험 I의 결과, 모델 1이 정상적인 체중 증가를 보여주었으며, 간조직의 GST-P 양성 foci 의 발현율이 가장 좋았다. GST-P 양성 foci의 면적은 큰것 부터 미상엽, 내측우엽, 외측우엽의 순으로 나타났으나 foci의 수는 모델별로 다르게 나타났다. 실험 II의 PB 투여군과 3-MC 투여군에서 GST-P 양성 foci의 수 및 면적의 유의성 있는 증가가 관찰되었다. 이와 같은 결과로 볼때, 비수술적 방법인 D-galactosamine 을 이용한 중기 발암성 검색법은 간부분 절제술을 이용한 중기발암성 검색법에 비하여 GST-P 양성foci의 발현능력이 동등하거나 더 우수하였으며, 간 및 간이외 장기의 발암물질에 대한 발암성 검색에 보다 유용할 것으로 생각된다.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.649-661
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• 1992

This study was performed to compare DNA content by flow cytometer (FCM) and glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci for searching objective and accurated properties of tumor. Sprague-Dawley rats aged six weeks were divided into three groups and group 1 and 2 of rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine at 200mg/kg body weight and group 3 of rats were given saline. Three weeks after beginning of the experiment, all groups were performed partial hepatectomy. Group 1 of rats were begun to feed on diets containing 0.02% 2-acetylaminofluorene as a promoter for six weeks, group 2 and 3 of rats were begun to feed on basal diets. At 4, 6, and 8 weeks after initiation, all groups of rats were killed, livers were extracted for H & E stain, immunohistochemical stain, and DNA ploidy analysis. In quantitative analysis for GST-P positive lesion number and area by using Image Analyzer, group 1 and 2 represented significant difference in comparison with group 3. In ploidy distribution, diploid cells of group 1 and 2 were increased significantly in comparison with those of group 3 at 4, 6, and 8 weeks after initiation, respectively tetraploid cells were reduced. But S-phase cells were not changed significantly. It is concluded that ploidy change by FCM is useful as objective data for early detection in hepatocarcinogenesis. Therefore, methodology and study of DNA content are carried out for more objective and accurate ploidy analysis in liver tumor.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2013

Purpose: Breast reconstruction with lower abdominal tissue can produce the best outcome with acceptable rates of long-term complication. However, for cases in which sufficient abdominal tissue is not available, an superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP) flap can be considered as the next option for autologous breast reconstruction. Materials and Methods: Among a total of 63 women who underwent breast reconstruction with free autologous tissue transfer from July 2010 to April 2011, SGAP flap was performed for four patients. In two cases, patients did not have enough abdominal tissue for sizable breast reconstruction. In another case, the patient had a long abdominal scar due to donor hepatectomy of liver transplantation. In the last case, which was a revisional case after radiation necrosis of a previous pedicled transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap, a large amount of healthy skin and soft tissue was needed. SGAP flap was elevated in lateral decubitus position. The internal mammary vessels were used for recipient vessels in all cases. Results: Breast reconstruction was performed successfully in all four cases without flap loss. Donor site complication was not observed, except for one case of seroma. The shape of the reconstructed breast was satisfactory in all patients. Conclusion: SGAP flap is an excellent alternative option for the TRAM or deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap for breast reconstruction. In terms of narrower width, harder consistency of soft tissue, and shorter pedicle, it is clear that the SGAP flap is less competent than the TRAM flap. However, in cases where abdominal tissue is not available, SGAP flap is the only way of providing a large amount of healthy tissue.

• BMB Reports
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.469-475
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to examine the chemopreventive potential of taurine at various levels on the diethylnitrosamine (DEN)·induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on diets containing 0, 1, 2, 3% taurine or 5% ${\beta}-alanine$ for taurine depletion. Then they were treated with DEN and 2/3 partial hepatectomy. The number of placental glutathione S-transferase positive ($GST-P^+$) foci, as a preneoplastic marker in the 1 % taurine group was lower than the control diet group. However the difference was insignificant. Although taurine diets reduced the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) level, the number of $GST-P^+$ foci was increased in 3% taurine diet group. The 1 % taurine diet increased the glutathione (GSH) level and GST activity, however they unfortunately did not suppress the foci formation. In the 3% taurine group, the GSH level and GSH peroxidase (GPx) activity were significantly decreased. Excess taurine supplementation of the pharmaceutical dose worked against hepatic chemoprevention, which might result from modulation of GPx activity and GSH utility. On the contrary, taurine might work as an antioxidant against TBARS production as the 1 % taurine diet increased GSH level. The potency of the cancer preventive effect of taurine still remains and further studies should investigate the effect of taurine with less than 1 % levels on the prevention of hepatic cancer.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.363-369
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• 1998

Glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci development and its expression in liver exposed by nongenotoxic carcinogens phenobarbital (PB) and clofibrate (CF), and genotoxic carcinogen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoline (IQ) were investigated as a measure of carcinogenic potential of these chemicals. Male F344 rats were initially given a single intraperitioneal injection of diethyinitrosamine (200 mg/kg), and 2 weeks later, animals were fed diets containing 0.03% IQ or 0.5% CF or 0.05% PB or basal diet as a control for 6 weeks. All rats were subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PH) at week 3. Sequential sacrifice of rats was performed at 8 weeks or 52 weeks, and liver tissues were examined for immunohistochemical staining of GST-P positive foci. The numbers (No./$cm^2$) and areas ($mm^2$/ $cm^2$) of GST-P positive foci were increased by IQ or PB, but were decreased by CF compare to the control. Consistent with the development of GST-P positive foci, a time-related increase in the expression of GST-P mRNA was found in the rats treated with IQ, whereas CF decreased it. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma at 52 weeks was increased by all three chemicals. These results show that PB and IQ induced GST-P positive foci, but the peroxisome proliferator CF did not, which suggest that the prediction of carcinogenic potency based on the development of prenoplastic foci may cause false negative in a particular category compounds like peroxisome proliferators.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.475-481
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the modifying effect of the general (GPA) and the fermented pilose antler (FPA) on experimental hepatocarcinogenesis and Natural Killer cell activity in rats. Specific pathogen free, 5-week male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. To induce hepatocarcinogenesis, diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 200 mg/kg, i.p.) was used as a tumor initiator and was given in a single dose at experimental onset. All rats were given a partial hepatectomy (PH) at 3 weeks after experimental onset. Sodium phenobarbital (PB, 0.05% in diet), GPA (0.075% in diet) and FPA (0. 075% in diet) were given from 2 to 8 weeks. Group I of the initiation control group was only given DEN. As initiation-promotion group, Group II was given DEN and then PB. Group III and IV were given DEN-PB-GPA and DEN-PB-FPA, respectively. In hematological analysis, as compared with Group I. the number of white blood cells were significantly increased in the GPA (p<0.01) and the FPA treated group (p<0.05), respectively. Natural killer (NK) cell activity by flow cytometer (FCM) analysis was higher in group of treated with the GPA (35%) than that of the FPA (27.5%), but not significant. Result of the immunohistochemical staining of the glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-p) indicated that the number of and area of the pre-neoplastic lesions was not significantly changed in Group III and IV compared Group II, respectively. In conclusion, the GPA and the FPA treatment significantly increased the number od WBC in peripheral blood, but the enhancing NK activity and the modifying effect on the experimental hepatocarcinogenesis were not observed.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.279-287
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• 1995

This study examined the anti-cancer effects of diallyl sulfide(DAS) and/or diallyl disulfide(DDS), major components of garlic oil, with the DEN-PH model in rats, by the numbers and areas per cm$^2$ of induced glutathion S-transferase placental form(GST-P) positive foci and silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions(Ag-NORs) counts per nuclei in liver as indicator. Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were given the diethylnitrosamine(DEN, 200 mg/kg, i.p.) as initiator and 2 weeks later, in experiment 1, rats were treated with DAS(200 mg/kg, i.g.) and/or DDS(50 mg/kg, i.g.) for 6 weeks, respectively and concomitantly and also were given the same dose of DAS and/or DDS prior to DEN treatment for 2 weeks, and in experiment II, rats were treated with potential cancer promoter, 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF, 20 mg/kg, i.g.). The DAS and/or DDS were treated prior to 2-AAF for 8 weeks, respectively and concomitantly. Then the anti-promoting effects of DAS and/or DDS were assessed. All rats were subjected to the two-thirds partial hepatectomy(PH) at week 3 and sacrificed at week 8. In experiment I, DAS and/or DDS treatment only prior to DEN showed inhibition of the development of GST-P positive foci. In experiment II, DAS and/or DDS treatment prior to 2-AAF promotion showed obvious inhibition of the development of GST-P positive foci in numbers and areas and AgNORs counts. In conclusion, We found DAS and/or DDS had the preventive effects on the hepatocarcinogenesis in rats and the concomitant treatment had some additive effects compared with the each treatment and AgNORs counts correlated well with the preneoplastic hepatic lesion.