• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.314-318
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• 2000

토양의 중금속 침출액간의 침출정도 및 유효도를 구명하기 위하여 휴${\cdot}$폐광산 인근 7개 지역 30개 지점 논토양을 대상으로 4종 단일침출법 및 총함량법에 의한 중금속함량 및 같은 지점에서 재배된 현미의 중금속함량을 분석하였다. 토양의 총 중금속에 대한 침출액별 함량비율은 $Cd\;12.1{\sim}39.1$, $Cu\;20.5{\sim}45.5$, $Pb\;10.6{\sim}30.7$, $Zn\;6.7{\sim}13.0%$였고, 특히 토양 pH 및 Ca함량이 높은 지역에서 0.1M-HCl 및 $0.1M-HNO_3$침출성 Cu, Pb의 함량비율이 매우 낮았고 0.005M-DTPA 및 0.05M-EDTA 침출성 Pb은 매우 높았다. Cd Cu 및 Zn의 토양 침출액 및 전함량간의 상호관계는 고도의 정의 상관을 보였으나 Pb은 비슷한 형태를 침출하는 0.1M-HCl과 $0.1M-HNO_3$, 0.05M-DTPA와 0.05M-EDTA만이 상관을 보였다. 토양의 총 중금속에 대한 현미 중 함량비율(Plant metal/Soil metal)은 Zn>Cd>Cu>Pb 순으로 각각 12.41, 10.92, 6.60, 0.06%였고, 특히 토양 pH 및 Ca함량이 높은 지역에서 Cd, Pb 및 Zn의 함량비율이 매우 낮게 나타났다. 토양의 Cd과 Zn함량은 모든 침출액에서 현미와 정의 상관을 보였고, 특히 침출액중 0.1M-HCl이 다른 침출액보다 상관성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 토양 침출엑별 중금속과 현미와의 관계 및 토양의 총 중금속에 대한 현미중 함량비율로 볼 때 토양내 유효도와 식물로의 흡수이행성은 Cu, Pb보다 Cd, Zn가 높은 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.524-530
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• 2016

Agricultural soils near or around industrial complexes can contain a certain amount of heavy metals that readily enter the food chain and negatively affect human health. Therefore, we conducted the study to investigate the distribution of selected heavy metals, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and zinc (Zn), in farm-land soils around fifteen industrial complexes in the southwestern provinces, Korea. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil samples were determined by the pseudo-total aqua regia (3 HCl : $1HNO_3$) digestion procedure. The heavy metal concentrations in most soils examined did not exceed the levels of Soil Contamination Warning Standard (SCWS) for agricultural lands (Region 1) presented in Soil Environment Conservation Law (SECL) established by Ministry of Environment (MOE), Korea. However, only one sampling site showed higher As amount ($27.1mg\;kg^{-1}$) than the SCWS level of As ($25mg\;kg^{-1}$). Pollution index (PI) for heavy metals did not exceed 1.0. The PI values were significantly positively correlated (p < 0.01) with the heavy metal concentrations. In particular, the values of correlation coefficient between the Cd and Pb concentrations and the PI values were higher than those estimated from other combinations, and thus the amounts of Cd and Pb in the agricultural soils highly affected the PI values for the heavy metals.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

The success of stabilization treatment in heavy metal contaminated sediment depends on the heavy metal bioavailability reduction through the sequestration of the heavy metals. This study was performed to assess the changes in the bioavailability of Pb or Cd in the Pb or Cd contaminated sediments by using birnessite and hydroxyapatite as stabilizing agents. The toxicity tests were carried out using a microorganism (Vibrio fischeri), an amphipod (Hyalella azteca) and an earthworm (Eisenia foetida). With Vibrio fischeri, the toxicities of both Pb and Cd were reduced by more than ten times in the presence of birnessite and hydroxyapatite compared to that of in the absence of birnessite and hydroxyapatite. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in the contaminated sediments were lethal to Hyalella azteca, however, in the presence of birnessite and hydroxyapatite more than 90%, on average, of Hyalella azteca survived. With Eisenia foetida, the bioaccumulated concentrations of both Pb and Cd were reduced by more than 75%, on average, lower with the addition of birnessite and hydroxyapatite to the contaminated sediments. These results show that the addition of birnessite and hydroxyapatite can reduce the bioavailability of Pb and Cd in contaminated sediments. In addition, the in situ and ex situ performance of birnessite and hydroxyapatite as stabilizing agents can be verified using the toxicity tests with Hyalella azteca and Eisenia foetida, respectively.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2017

This study focused on evaluating the phytoextraction of heavy metals (Co, Pb, and Zn) induced by bioaugmentation of button mushroom compost (BMC) in Helianthus annuus (sunflower). When the potential ability of BMC to solubilize heavy metals was assessed in a batch experiment, the inoculation with BMC could increase more the concentrations of water-soluble Co, Pb, and Cd by 35, 25, and 45% respectively, compared to those of non-inoculated soils. BMC-assisted growth promotion and metal uptake in H. annuus was also evaluated in a pot experiment. In comparison with non-inoculated seedlings, the inoculation led to an increase in the growth of H. annuus by 27, 25, and 28% in Co-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soils, respectively. Moreover, enhanced accumulation of Co, Pb, and Zn in the shoot and root systems was observed in inoculated plants, where metal the translocation from root to the above-ground tissues was also found to be enhanced by the BMC. Evidently, these results suggest that the BMC could be effectively employed in enhancing the phytoextraction of Co, Pb, and Zn from contaminated soils.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.393-409
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• 2015

Zinc and lead pollution are public environmental issues that have attracted lots of attention for a long time. Landfill leachate contains heavy metals, such as Zn(II) and Pb(II), which are usually related to the pollution of groundwater, especially in developing countries. Bentonite has been proven to be effective in enhancing the membrane property of clay, by which landfill liners can have better barrier performance towards the migration of contaminants. In this study, 5% sodium bentonite amended with locally available Fukakusa clay was utilized to evaluate the membrane behavior towards the heavy metals zinc and lead. The chemico-osmotic efficiency coefficient, ${\omega}$, was obtained through Zn(II) and Pb(II) solutions with different concentrations of 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 50 mM. According to the results, ${\omega}$ continually decreased as the Zn(II) and Pb(II) concentrations increased, which is consistent with the Gouy-Chapman theory. Compared to normal inorganic ions, the membrane behavior towards heavy metal ions was lower. The migration of heavy metal ions was not observed based on experimental results, which can be attributed to the adsorption or ion exchange reaction. The mechanisms of the membrane performance change were discussed with the assistance of XRD patterns, free swelling results, XRF results, and SEM images.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2015

Soil washing with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is highly effective in the remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. The EDTA recycling process is a requisite for reducing the operating cost. The applicability of Na₂S addition on the precipitation of heavy metals from the spent soil washing solution and thereby recycling of EDTA was investigated. Addition of Na₂S into the single metal-EDTA and the mixed metal-EDTA solutions ([Na₂S]/[metal-EDTA] ratio = 30, reaction time = 30 min and pH = 7~9) was highly effective in the separation of Cu and Pb from metal-EDTA complexes, but not for Ni. The Zn removal efficiency varied with pH and slightly increased upto 40% as the reaction time increased from 0 to 240 min which was longer than those for Cu and Pb. Ca(OH)₂ was subsequently added to induce further precipitation of Zn and Ni and to reduce the Na₂S dose. At the [Na₂S]/[metal-EDTA] ratio of 10, the removal efficiencies of all heavy metals excluding Ni were above 98% with the dose of Ca(OH)₂ at 0.002, 0.006 and 0.008 g into 100 mL of Cu-, Pb- and Zn-EDTA solutions, respectively. However, Ca(OH)₂ addition was not effective for Ni-EDTA solution. A further research is needed to improve metal removal efficiency and subsequent EDTA recycling for the real application in field-contaminated soils.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1337-1345
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• 2011

The removal performances of divalent heavy metal ions ($Pb^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$, $Sr^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$) were studied using the Na-P1 zeolite synthesized from Jeju scoria in the batch and continuous fixed column reactor. The uptakes of heavy metal ions by synthetic Na-P1 zeolite decreased in the order of $Pb^{2+}$ > $Cu2^{2+}$ > $Cd^{2+}$ > $Sr^{2+}$ > $Mn^{2+}$ based on the selectivity of each ion to ionic exchange site of Na-P1 zeolite for single and mixed solutions in batch or continuous fixed column reactor. For mixed solution, each heavy metal ion uptake was lower than that in single solution, and especially the uptake for $Mn^{2+}$ decreased greatly. In batch reactor, the uptakes of heavy metal ions by synthetic Na-P1 zeolite were described by Freundlich or Langmuir equation, but they followed the former better than the latter. In continuous fixed column reactor, the maximum ion exchange capacity obtained for each of heavy metal ions, was about 90----- of that in batch reactor. The uptakes of heavy metal ions by synthetic Na-P1 zeolite increased with the increase of initial heavy metal concentration and solution pH, and the decrease of the amount and particle size of synthetic zeolite.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 1986

하천수(河川水)의 중금속(重金屬) 오염현황(汚染現況)과 오염방지대책(汚染防止對策) 수립(樹立)에 필요(必要)한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고져 대구시(大邱市)를 관류(貫流)하는 금호강(琴湖江) 및 그 지류(支流)들의 하천수(河川水)와 이를 관개용수(灌漑用水)로 사용(使用)하고 있는 지역(地域)의 토양(土壤) 및 작물체중(作物體中)의 Zn, Cu, Cd, 및 Pb 함량(含量)을 조사(調査)하였다. 금호강(琴湖江) 하천수(河川水)의 중금속(重金屬) 오염(汚染)은 도시하수(都市下水)가 흐르는 신천(新川) 및 달서천(達西川), 발업폐수(發業廢水)가 흐르는 공단천(工團川)에 기인(起因)하였다. 1982년(年) 12월(月)부터 1983년(年) 11월(月)까지 이들 3개(個) 하천수중(河川水中) 평균(平均) 중금속(重金屬) 함량(含量)은 신천(新川)이 Zn : 1.502, Cu : 0.230, Cd : 0.021, Pb : 0.009ppm, 공단천(工團川)이 Zn : 2.508, Cu : 0.502, Cd : 0.044, Pb : 0.031 ppm, 달서천(達西川)이 Zn : 0.631, Cu : 0.175, Cd : 0.012, Pb ; 0.016 ppm이었다. 금호강(琴湖江) 하천수(河川水)의 중금속(重金屬) 오염(汚染)이 가장 심하였던 지점(地點)의 토양(土壤)과 그 곳에서 생육(生育)한 작물체중(作物體中)의 중금속(重金屬) 함량(含量)이 높게 나타났는데 이는 하천수(河川水)의 오염(汚染)에 기인(起因)한 것으로 사료(思料)되며 토양(土壤)과 작물체중(作物體中)의 중금속함량(重金屬含量) 상호간(相互間)에는 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性) 있는 정상관(正相關)을 나타내었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1072-1080
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• 2005

과거 납제련소 부지의 중금속으로 오염된 토양을 EDTA, citrate, HCl의 세가지 용매를 이용하여 토양세척법으로 처리한 경우 중금속의 추출특성에 대하여 중금속의 추출율과 화학적 결합형태별 변화를 중심으로 살펴보았다. EDTA를 이용한 토양세척실험에서 중금속의 추출은 Pb에 특히 효과적이었다. EDTA/HM의 물비가 증가할수록 Pb의 제거율도 증가하였고 EDTA/HM의 몰비 6.5에서 효율적인 제거가 가능하였다. Citrate를 이용한 토양세척실험에서 중금속의 추출은 다른 중금속들 보다 Zn의 추출에 효과적이었다. HCl은 모든 중금속에 대하여 전반적으로 높은 추출율을 나타내었으며 0.3N 농도에서 가장 효율적인 추출이 가능하였다. EDTA로 토양세척법 처리 전후 중금속의 결합형태별 변화는 교환성과 탄산염 형태와 같이 결합력이 약한 형태로 존재하는 중금속이 대부분 추출되었다. Citrate와 HCl 처리 후 중금속의 결합형태별 변화는 네가지 중금속 모두 유사한 경향을 보였으며 Pb은 처리 전보다 처리 후에 교환가능성 형태가 증가하는 현상이 관찰되었다. Citrate 처리시 중금속 추출효율은 비결정성 형태의 함량과 거의 일치하는 결과를 나타내었다. EDTA와 HCl을 이용한 경우는 중금속 추출효율과 중금속의 결합형태의 비교결과 Zn을 제외한 나머지 중금속의 경우 비잔류성 형태의 대부분을 제거할 수 있었다. 처리 후 토양의 TCLP 결과는 EDTA로 처리한 경우에 Pb의 USEPA 기준인 5 mg/L를 만족시켰다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2011

본 연구는 Pb와 Cu로 오염된 사격장 토양을 대상으로 폐자원을 가공하여 만든 안정화제를 이용하여 안정화 처리를 수행하였다. 안정화제는 폐굴껍질을 소성하여 생석회로 가공한 Calcined oyster shells (COS)와 폐소뼈를 가공한 Waste cow bones (WCB)로 오염토 함량대비 각각 5%와 3%를 사용하여, 28일간 습윤양생한 후 각종 용출시험법을 통해 효율성을 평가 하였다. 증류수 용출 및 SPLP에서는 뚜렷한 안정화 효율이 관찰되지 않았는데, 이는 중성 또는 약산성 환경에서는 중금속의 용출량 자체가 많지 않기 때문으로 판단된다. 반면, TCLP 및 0.1 N HCl을 이용한 용출실험에서는 안정화 처리를 한 토양의 경우 중금속의 용출량이 확연하게 감소한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히, 0.1 N HCl 용출 결과에서 Pb 99.9%, Cu 83.9%의 매우 높은 용출량 저감효과를 보였고, 이는 비교적 강산성 용출환경에서는 중금속의 안정화 효과가 크게 나타남을 의미한다. 연속추출 결과를 통해 Pb와 Cu 간에 안정화 경향성의 차이는 Pb가 불용성 물질로의 변환과 안정화 효율이 더 탁월한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 폐자원을 이용한 안정화제가 오염토양 처리에 활용 가능함을 증명하고 있고, 또한 폐기물로 취급되는 폐자원의 재사용 방안을 제시한다는 점에서도 큰 의미를 갖는다.