• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.221-228
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• 1992

In order to evaluate the degree of air pollution, soils from 125 and 60points of main streets of Seoul and Daejeon, respectively, were sampled and analyzed for the contents of lead, copper, iron and zinc by nitric acid($HNO_3$) extraction followed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry during June and September, 1990. The Pb contents of Seoul and Daejeon were 350.2$\mu$g/g and 175.9$\mu$g/g, respectively, which were 14.5times and 7.3times respectively higher than the control(24.0). In Seoul, the commercial area gave the highest value followed by resdential and industrial areas in the decreasing order, while the order in Daejeon was Industrial, commercial and residential areas. The Cu contents in Seoul and Daejeon were very similar(236.6 and 234.6, respectively) each other, and about 11times higher than the control(20.9). The concentration was highest in industrial, followed by commercial and the lowest in residential areas in Seoul, while the order in Daejeon was industrial, residential and commercial areas. The Fe contents were 25716.5 in Seoul and 22838.6 in Daejeon, both being similar to the control value(22537.0). The value was highest in industrial and next in commercial areas and the lowest in residential area both in Seoul and Daejeon. The Zn contents in Seoul and Daejeon were 728.2 and 404.0, respectively, wihch were 6.3 and 3.6times higher than the control(113.3). The value was highest in commercial and next in industrial areas and the lowest in residental area in Seoul, while the order was industrial, residential and commercial areas in Daejeon. The heavy metal content was higher in the soil of main streets than that of minor streets in Seoul. The content of lead in Seoul was higher in the streets of Chongro-ku(525.9) and Chung-ku(684.8), the central area of the city which had a heavy traffic, than those in Nowon-ku(320.3) and Kwanak-ku(312.6) which had relatively less traffic crowd. The similar pattern was observed in the content of zinc; it was higher in Chongro-ku(1305.0) and Chung-ku(1335.4) than in Nowon-ku(489.1) and Kwanak-ku(569.8). In Daejeon, the contents of lead and zinc were decreasing as the distance from Daejeon Railroad Station increased : they were respectively 157.8 and 447.7 within 2km from the station, 157.6 and 235.7 with in 2-4km, and 63.5 and 156.2 within 4-6km and 58.7 and 142.2 within 6-8km. In summary, the contents of lead, copper and zinc were generally higher in the central area of the city, areas of heavy traffic and areas of industry and commerce.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.27-39
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• 1997

This study, collaborated Gifu University, Japan, was performed to analyze chemical pollutants and microorganism and to clarify the distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria and their insolubilization of heavy metal ions in leachates sampled seasonally between 1994 and 1996 from Nanjido waste landfill site, sampled 4 times between 1995 and 1996 from Pusan and Daejeon waste landfill site, and sampled 1 time between 1992 and 1994 from Hokkaido, Nagoya, Osaka and Hukuoka waste landfill site in Japan. The results were as follows: 1. The temperatures of internal leachate and leachate effluent were 40$\circ$C and 30$\circ$C, respectively, and the pH values of both leachates were about 8.0 at Nanjido waste landfill site. The concentration of SO$_4^{-2}$ gradually increased with the degree of stabilization and that of NO$_3$-N was detected in a part of sampling sites at one and half years, and in all sampling sites at 3 years after completion of landfill. 2. The organic substances in leachate of Nanjido waste landfill site decreased with the degree of stabilization and they were very fluctuated with measuring point and time. The concentration of organic substance and heavy metals in internal leachate were higher than in leachate effluent and those of Cd, Hg, and Pb were lower than detection limit except a part of samples in 1996. 3. APCs in internal leachate and leachate effluent were not much different and the minimum of APCs in internal leachate and leachate effluent were $1.0\times 10^4$/ml and $4.0\times 10^1$/ml, respectively. 4. The maximums of SRBs in Nanjido, Pusan, and Daejeon waste landfill site were 9180 MPN/ml, 24000 MPN/ml, and 348 MPN/ml, respectively and the maximum of SRBs in Japan waste landfill site was 9300 MPN/ml. 5. During 2-week-SRB culture, the values of MPN were high at 50$\circ$C for initial culture period and at 30$\circ$C for last culture period. MPN started to appear at first day and rapidly increased between 7th day and 9th day. 6. Cadmium and copper were insolubilized by SRB within 6 hr and iron and zinc were done within 48 hr. The rates of insolubilization of Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn, T-Cr were 100%, 99.5%, 95.0%, 99.8%, 16.1% after 48 hr treatment with SRB, respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.101-113
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• 1994

Geochemical investigations based on measurements of water parameters and sampling of stream sediments have been carried out, in the Okdongcheon stream and its tributaries in the Sangdong area of South Korea. There are two main problems occurring in the Okdongcheon stream: an acid mine drainage in the upper reaches and toxic trace metal contamination of the stream sediments mainly in the lower reaches. Acid mine water originating from coal mining was neutralized at the confluence of the Cheonpyongcheon stream whilst suspended solids due to flocculation of iron in water caused turbidity which was undesirable. Sediments in the Okdongcheon stream have been contaminated by mining activites. Iron was heavily concentrated in sediments in the upper Okdongcheon whilst toxic trace metals including Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, As and Bi were accumulated in sediments at stations draining metallic mining areas and near the tailings dam. There is now a requrement to neutralise the acid mine drainage and to use site-specific analysis of biological communities to ensure the conservation and preservation of aquatic organisms.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.407-421
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• 2014

The benthic environmental impact experiment addresses environmental impacts at a specific site related to deep-sea mineral resource development. We have acquired several tens of multi- or box core samples at 31 sites within the Benthic environmental Impact Site (BIS) since 2010, aiming to examine the basic properties of surficial deep-sea sediment as a potential source for deep-water plumes. In this study, we present the geochemical properties such as major elements, rare earth elements (REEs), and heavy metal contents at the BIS. Such proxies vary distinctly according to the Facies association. The lithology of all core sediments in the BIS corresponds to both Association Ib and Association IIIb. The vertical profiles of some major elements ($SiO_2$, $Fe_2O_3$, CaO, $P_2O_5$, MgO, MnO) show noticeable differences between Association Ib and IIIb, while others ($Al_2O_3$, $TiO_2$, $Na_2O$, and $K_2O$) do not vary between Association Ib and IIIb. REEs are also distinctly different for Associations Ib and IIIb; in Association Ib, REY and HREE/LREE are uniform through the sediment section, while they increase downward in Association IIIb like the major elements; below a depth of 8 cm, REY is over 500 ppm. The metal enrichment factor (EF) evaluates the anthropogenic influences of some metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cd) in marine sediments. In both Associations, the EF for Cu is over 1.5, the EF for Ni and Pb ranges from 0.5 to 1.5, and the EF for Zn and Cd are less than 0.5, indicating Cu is enriched but Zn and Cd are relatively depleted in the BIS. The vertical variations of geochemical properties between Association Ib and IIIb are shown to be clearly different, which seems to be related to the global climate changes such as the shift of Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ).

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.254-260
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• 2014

In this study, heavy metals, PCDD/PCDFs, PAHs in wastes generated from thermal processes were analyzed. Waste from lead thermal metalurgy (EWC 10 04) inorganic metal substances in the regulation were detected in the highest concentrations of Pb. EWC 10 04 seems to be a result of the dust. Waste from zinc thermal metalurgy (EWC 10 05) inorganic metal substances in the regulation were detected in high concentration of Zn. EWC 10 05 seems to be a result of the dust. Waste from copper thermal metalurgy (EWC 10 06) Cu in the 651,77 mg/kg to 651 times higher than regulation standard appeared in the copper thermal metallurgy process seems to be a result of dust. The concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs ranged from 0.0005~11.748 ng-TEQ/g in dust, 0.0027 ng-TEQ/g in fly ash. PCDD/PCDFs content was not detected in excessive value in regulation standard. PAHs concentration was in the range of ND~118.9 mg/kg in Naphthalene, ND~9.6 mg/kg in Phenanthrene, ND~48.4 mg/kg in Benzo[b]fluoranthene, ND~62.6 mg/kg in Benzo[a]pyrene, ND~10.7 mg/kg in Fluoranthene, ND~11.5 mg/kg in Benzo[a]anthracene.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2009

Human hair is an excretory system for trace metals and thus metal content in human hair can reflect the body status. The investigation of trace elements in human hair has been correlated with the diagnosis of various diseases as well as the monitoring of deficiency statues in nutrition. Many chronic diseases may be related to mineral status, some may be related to toxic mineral. Hair samples were collected from 120 inhabitants of the city of Seoul, Korea. In this study the concentrations of 10 elements (Hg, Pb, Cd, Al, As, U, Bi, Sb, Ba, Be) in hair were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The conclusions showed that people in Seoul, Korea were affected by some kinds of toxic minerals. The Hg concentrations of male are higher than those of female and reference range. The mean concentration of Sb was higher in the female than male and reference range. In age distribution, the mean concentration of Hg was in 40's are higher than 20's and 30's and reference range. The concentrations of Al were the highest in the 20's. After analyzing, we concluded that a compounded treatment should be conducted, which considers the variety of factors related to detoxification.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.209-218
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• 2000

This study was conducted to determine the content of trace metals in crops cultivated in Han-riverside, Anyang stream, Tan stream, and Jungryang stream. Trace metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, Fe, Zn, Cu, Hg) were detected in 36 crops, 285 samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and Mercury Analyzer. The average concentration of trace metals in crop samples was in the order of Fe (34.592 ppm)>Mn (11.071 ppm)$\geq$Zn(8.853 ppm)>Cu(1.795 ppm)>Cr(0.237 ppm)>Pb(0.100 ppm)>Cd(0.011 ppm)>Hg(0.003 ppm). In crop samples, the contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn, which ranges were 0.004-203.083 ppm, 0.017~22.727 ppm, 0.000~74.373 ppm, 0.080~37.166 ppm, respectively, were relatively higher than those of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Hg, which ranges were 0.000~0.654 ppm, 0.000~0.270 ppm, 0.000~l.229 ppm, 0.000~0.037 ppm, respectively. The concentration of trace metals in crop samples was in the order of leafy vegetables > stem vegetables > root vegetables > fruity vegetables. In the root vegetables, such as radish, the content of Pb was leaf(0.055 ppm)>root(0.035 ppm), that of Cr, leaf (0.118 ppm)>root(0.031 ppm), that of Cd, leaf(0.004 ppm)>root(0.001 ppm), that of Hg, leaf(0.004 ppm)>root(0.001 ppm). As the results, it could be thought that root is the organ which doesn't accumulate the heavy metal ions, but absorb them.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.13-28
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• 2000

Chojeong area is mainly composed of the Ogcheon Group which consists of regionally metamorphosed, age-unknown sedimentary rocks. In the northwestern parts, the Group is intruded by the Jurassic Daebo granite and Cretaceous felsic and mafic dykes. The lowermost, Midongsan Formation which consists of milky white impure quartzite, crops out along the anticline axes with N40E trend. Ungyori quartzite Formation is intercalated with quartzite and slate. Miwon Formation is most widely exposed in the area and consists mainly of phyllitic sandy rocks with a thin crystalline limestone bed. Hwajeonri Formation is divided into two parts, pelitic lower and calcareous upper parts, composed with phyllite and slate. Changri and Hwanggangri Formations are typical members of Ogcheon Group, the former bearing coally graphite seams consists mainly of black slate and phyllite with intercalated greenish grey phyllite, the latter is pebble bearing phyllite formation of which matrix and pebbles are variable in compositions and size. Biotite granite, porphyritic granite and two mica granite belong to Jurassic so-called Dabo granite. They intruded the Ogcheon Group forming vast contact metarnophic zone. Quartz porphyry, mafic dyke and felsite intruded along the marginal zone of porphyritic granite batholith and fracture of NS trend. Main structural lineaments in Ogcheon Group shows N25-45E, NS and N30-45W trends. The N25-45E trends are mainly from general ductile deformation during regional metamorphism, showing isoclinal folding, Fl foliations and lithological erosional characters. Some of these trends are due to normal faults. The NS and N30-45W trends represent brittle deformation including faults and joints. In the area of granitic batholith, NS to N30- 45 trends are from the direction of dykes. In the soils of the area, average contents of heavy metal elements such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn are 0.2, 50.6, 35.5, 27.9, and 93.4 ppm respectively, which are not higher than the average values of natural soils, under the tolerable level. Enrichment Index does not show any heavy metal pollution in the area. Average depths of weathering(5m vs. 2m), porosities(43.94 vs. 51.80), densities(l.29 vs. 1.15), and permeabilities(2.52 vs. 8.07) are comparable in granite areas and in the phyllite areas of Ogcheon Group.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.11-23
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• 1989

This study was performed to investigate present water quality and pollution characteristics of them in the basin area of the Mankyung river near Chonju urban stream. In order to obtain the pollution characteristics of this investigation, the physio-chemical water analysis as temperature, pH, DO, BOD, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, and coliform group and their correlation analysis were determined from March to August 1988. The main results were summarized as follows 1. Each chemical constituent detected in three streams has the following variation range as pH(6.7-7.3), DO(1.3-8.9 mg/l), BOD(1.6-162.5mg/l) and water temperature was dominated by atmospheric temperature. 2. In three streams, concentration range of heavy metal was Cd N.D.-2.8 $\mu$g/l, Cu 1.1-10.2 $\mu$g/l, Pb 2.1-13.2 $\mu$g/l and Zn 25.6-62.2 $\mu$g/l, and was shown the order of Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd. 3. In the investigation on the bacteriological pollution-in the three streams. 1) The average number of general bacteria contaminated in the Chonju urban stream was $1.7 \times 10^{5}$ numbers/ml, which was higher than $2.6 \times 10^{2}$ numbers/ml, in the Gosan stream and 1.6 $\times$ 10 numbers/ml in the Mankyung river. 2) The average number of total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus contaminated in the Chonju urban stream which was the highest polluted site than those of the other sampling sites were respectively $2.1 \times 10^{5}$, $2.1 \times 10^{5}$ and $9.6 \times 10^{4}$ MPN/100ml. 4. Correlation coefficient between GB and TC in the Chonju stream, Gosan stream and Mankyung river was respectively 0.99, 0.96 and 0.99, Correlation coefficient between TC and FC in Chonju stream, Gosan stream and Mankyung river was respectively 0.99, 0.97 and 0.99 and correlation coefficient between FC and TC was respectively 0.99, 0.91 and 0.99. This results mean positively dose relationship between them. 5. The occupied percentage of FC of TC in the Chonju stream, Gosan stream and Mankyung river was respectively 88.1%, 68.4% and 77.9% and the percentage of Tc of TS was respectively 43.5%, 31.6% and 41.4%. These .results was considered indicative of pollution derived from domestic wastes which had been contaminated by the feces of inhabitants and domestic animals.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.173-200
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• 1992

The quality of groundwater in the central part of Taegu City is influenced by upstreams of Sin-stream and Beomeo-stream because the stream waters are main source of the groundwater, and chemical composition of the upstream waters has close relationship with andesite and monzonite in the igneous rock terrain. The pH of upstreams are weak acid ~ neutral in the igneous rock area and weak alkaline in the sedimentary rock area. Contents of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ in the streams are apparently high, and $Na^{+}$ content is only slightly high in the sedimentary rock area. But $K^{+}$ content is lower in the Panyaweol formation area than in the monzonite area. The contents of heavy metals and $N0_3^{-}$ are also higher in the sedimentary rock area of residential sections and industrial complexes than those in the igneous rock area. The groundwater is contaminated in comparison to the upstream water of the igneous rock areas, and there are some differences in pollution level between the Panyaweol formation area of residential sections and the Haman formation area of industrial complexes. K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, $SO_4$ and $NO_3$ contents in the Haman formation area are relatively higher than those in the Panyaweol formation area. But pH is nearly equal in the two areas. The content of heavy metal ions is still lower than the drinking water standard of Korea and only slightly differs in the two sedimentary rock areas. But the groundwater in the Haman formation area is considerably contaminated by Kongdanstream and Dalseo-stream.