• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.325-329
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• 1995

응고제 양, 두유 가열 온도, 성형 압력과 같은 두부 제조 공정에 따른 두부의 조직 강도를 파손강도와 초음파의 지연시간 측정을 이용하여 측정하였다. 응고제 양은 0.3%에서 두유 가열 온도는 $95^{\circ}C$에서 최대 파손강도를 나타내었고 성형압력은 압력이 증가할수록 파손강도가 증가하였으며 그에 상응하는 초음파의 잔존시간은 파손강도와 반비례하여 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 각 제조공정을 변수로 하여 중회귀 분석을 한 결과 초음파의 잔존시간으로 예측된 예측 파손강도와 실측정한 파손강도 값들 사이에는 유사함을 나타내어 초음파를 이용한 초음파 잔존시간의 변화는 식품조직의 변화에 따라 민감한 변화를 나타내므로 식품 제조 공정중 품질관리 측면에서 초음파의 사용이 기대되어진다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.46-52
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• 2014

본 논문은 마이크로파와 고온발열체에 의한 유류오염토양의 정화효율에 관한 연구를 정리한 것이다. 수분의 함량은 처리량에 따라 측정이 되었는데 상대적으로 짧은 시간에 300 g에 도달했다. TPH(Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons)처리 속도는 SiC 발열체를 단독으로 사용했을 때와 비교하였을 때, SiC와 활성탄을 4 kW/kg에서 동시에 사용했을 때 70.1%의 제거율로 가장 높은 값을 보여주었다. 특히, 3 kW/kg때를 제외하고는 전력이 증가할수록 처리속도도 증가하였다. SiC와 활성탄으로 제작된 발열체를 사용할 경우, 내부 온도가 $300^{\circ}C$를 초과하였으며, 4 kW로 2분동안 유지되었을 때 온도가 다시 하락하였으나, 8분이후에는 다시 온도가 상승하였다. 이러한 결과를 기초로 하여, 샘플을 처리하기 위한 에너지량은 마이크로파의 전력에 따라 계산이 되었으며, TPH처리 상수는 유류오염토양의 처리 특성에 관한 다양한 실험에 의해 측정이 되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.284-291
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• 1997

식품의 저장과 가공과정에서 품질을 저해시키는 바람직하지 못한 효소를 불활성화시키기 위하여 식품을 살균시키는 경우 고온에서 가열처리하게 되면 다른 성분들이 파괴될 우려가 있다. 따라서 열에 의한 영양파괴를 최소화 하기 위해 감압상태에서 마이크로파를 이용하여 저온에서 가열처리하는 방법을 사용하였다. 이 가열방법을 사용하여 ${\alpha}-amylase$와 ${\beta}-amylase,\;glucoamylase,\;peroxidase$의 열불활성화를 측정하였고 이를 기존의 가열방법과 비교하였다. $60^{\circ}C$에서 기존의 방법으로 가열했을 경우와 260 mmHg의 감압상태하에서 microwave (출력버튼 1)를 이용하여 가열했을 경우 비타민 C 파괴 정도는 거의 같았다. 이와같은 조건에서 ${\alpha}-amylase$와 ${\beta}-amylase$의 불활성화를 조사하였으며 초기에는 lag time의 영향으로 기존의 방법에 비해 잔존활성이 많이 남아 있었으나 완전히 실활되는데 걸리는 시간은 마이크로파 진공가열방법을 이용한 경우가 더 짧았다. 또한 $75^{\circ}C$에서 기존의 열처리 방법으로 했을 경우와 360 mmHg의 감압상태에서 microwave (출력버튼 2)를 이용하여 가열했을 경우 비타민 C 파괴정도가 거의 같았는데 이와 같은 조건에서 glucoamylase와 peroxidase의 불활성화를 조사하였으며 실활되는데 걸리는 시간은 이 경우에도 마이크로파 진공가열 방법을 이용한 경우가 더 짧았다. 저온에서 마이크로파 진공가열 방법에 의해 효소를 불활성화 시키는 가열조건을 얻었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.540-544
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• 2012

During heat treatment and storage of milk, deteriorative reaction takes place, which consequently influence on the milk quality. In this study, formation of lactulose and furosine under different thermal conditions and storage conditions, and the ratio of lactulose and furosine (LU/FU) in presence of reconstituted milk powder were determined to establish chemical indicators for heat damages of milk and the adulteration of fresh milk in dairy field. The lactulose and furosine contents linearly increased with increased heating temperature and heating time. It showed high correlation between the formation of lactulose and furosine, and the treatment temperature and time (p<0.05). The lactulose and furosine concentration of HTST milk and UHT milk noticeably increased during storage at $30^{\circ}C$, but there was no noticeable increase of lactulose and furosine concentration at lower storage temperature. In the raw milk, the lactulose and furosine contents greatly increased with the addition of reconstituted milk. The increase level of furosine was much higher than that of lactulose, which consequently resulted in the lower LU/FU ratio in milk as increase of added reconstituted milk amounts. As comparing with raw milk, there was more than twice reduction in LU/FU ratios after the addition of reconstituted milk (p<0.05). It can be concluded that lactulose and furosine are suitable milk quality indicators of heat damage and for demonstrating improper addition of reconstituted milk powder.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.153-159
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• 2021

A two-step process for increasing the leaching efficiency of yttrium and neodymium from coal fly ash were investigated at solid loadings of 5.0 g ash ~1,000 g ash/l of 1.0 N~10.0 N H₂SO₄, temperature ranging from 30℃ to 90℃, ultrasonic leaching time of 1~10 hours, and ultrasonic power of 25~200 W. The yttrium and neodymium from coal fly ash were effectively leached into ion phases by step change of the first conventional dissolution at room temperature and then the second heating process with the aid of ultrasonic wave, and maximum leaching efficiency of yttrium and neodymium obtained were 66 % and 63 %, respectively. The activation energies for the leaching reaction of yttrium and neodymium at second heating process dependent on leaching time and temperature were derived to be 41.540 kJmol^-1 and 507.92 kJmol^-1, respectively. The optimum conditions for the maximum leaching of yttrium and neodymium were found to be the solid loading of 250 g ash/l of H₂SO₄, solvent concentration of 2.0 N H₂SO₄, and second step process of temperatures of 30℃ for 3 hours and then 90℃ for 4 hours with ultrasonic intensity of 100 W.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.1367-1373
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of heating hatching eggs on the number of day-old chicks, egg temperature and egg weight during extended storage, and to provide basic information for improving hatchability to livestock producers. Eggs (Hy-line) were subjected to the following treatments: "control": eggs were maintained in an incubator after storage for 8 days; "T1": eggs were preheated for 8 hours at $23.9^{\circ}C$ after storage for 8 days in a hatchery; "T2": eggs were initially heated for 8 hours at $37.8^{\circ}C$ in an incubator and then preheated for 8 hours at $23.9^{\circ}C$ in a hatchery after storage for 8 days. The results were as follows: First, at the end of the experiment, the total number of day-old chicks was higher in T1, followed by T2 and then the control. This indicated that chick hatchability may be improved when eggs are preheated. Second, compared with the control, the number of day-old female chicks was expected to be higher in treatments with pre-heating; however, the results indicated the opposite effect. Third, as storage time lengthened, the factor that influenced preheating (the main effect and interactions) was not egg weight but egg temperature measured in the upper, middle and bottom parts of incubator. The temperatures recorded in all treatments ranged from 37.97 to $38.40^{\circ}C$ in the upper parts of incubator, 37.80 to $38.26^{\circ}C$ in the middle parts of incubator, and 37.94 to $38.59^{\circ}C$ in the bottom parts of incubator over storage. In conclusion, preheating was very effective in improving hatchability, and egg temperature was the main factor affecting preheating and hatchability.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2005년도 제36회 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.2315-2317
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• 2005

In this paper, an iterative method to model the electromagnetic heating of electrically large lossy dielectrics is presented. Frequency domain finite element (FEM) solutions of the wave equation are determined for the lossy inhomogeneous dielectric as the material properties are change with temperature and time. The power absorbed from microwave losses is applied to a finite element time domain (FETD) calculation of the heat diffusion equation. Time steps appropriate for updating the piecewise material properties in the wave equation and the time stepping of the heat equation are presented. The effects of preheating and source frequency are investigated.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.184-193
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• 2017

People spend the majority of their time in indoor environments. Maintaining adequate indoor temperature and humidity is necessary to support health and improve quality of life. However, people with low incomes can be vulnerable because they may not be able to use effective cooling and heating systems in their homes. In this study, the indoor temperature and humidity in low-income residences over a year in Seoul, Korea was characterized. Indoor temperature and humidity were measured in three types of homes (12 rooftop residences, 16 basement residences, and 18 public rental apartments) occupied by low-income residents. Both differed significantly among the three types of residence, particularly during the summer and winter seasons. A regression model between indoor and outdoor temperature detected a heating threshold at $3.9^{\circ}C$ for rooftop residences, $9.9^{\circ}C$ for basement residences, and $17.1^{\circ}C$ for public rental apartments. During tropical nights and cold-wave advisory days, rooftop residences showed the most extreme indoor temperatures. This study demonstrates that people living in rooftop residences could be at risk from extreme hot and cold conditions.

• 한국초전도저온공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국초전도저온공학회 2000년도 KIASC Conference 2000 / 2000년도 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.43-47
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• 2000

Two modes of shock waves, a compression shock wave and a thermal shock wave, propagating in He II have been investigated. The shock waves are at a time generated by the impingement of a gasdynamic shock wave onto a He II free surface in the newly developed superfluid shock tube facility. Superconductive temperature sensors, piezo-type pressure transducers and visualization photograph were used for the measurement of them and the phenomena induced by them were investigated in detail. It is found that the compression by a compression shock wave in He II causes temperature drop because He II has negative thermal expansion coefficient. the thermal shock wave is found to be of a single triangular waveform with a limited shock strength. The waveform is similar to that generated by stepwise strong heating from an electrical heater for relatively long heating time. In the experiments at the temperatures near the lambda temperature, no thermal shock wave is sometimes detected in shock compressed He II. It can be understood that shock compression makes He Ii convert to He I in which no thermal shock wave is excited.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.1700-1716
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• 1996

The two-dimensional, unsteady, laminar conservation equations for mass, momentum, energy and species transport in the gas phase and mass, momentum and energy in the liquid phase are solved simultaneously in spherical coordinates in order to study heating and vaporization of a droplet entrained in the oscillating flow. The numerical solution gives the velocity and temperature distribution in both gas and liquid phase as a function of time. When the gas flow oscillates around an vaporizing droplet, the liquid flow circulates in the clockwise or counterclockwise direction and the temperature distribution in the liquid phase changes its shapes, depending on the gas fow direction. When the gas flow changes its direction of circulating liquid flow is opposite to the gas flow, forming two vortex circulating in the opposite direction. During the heating period, the difference in the maximum and minimum temperature is large, followed by the almost uniform temperature slightly below the boiling temperature. The mass and heat transfer from the droplet depend on the droplet temperature, droplet diameter and the magnitude of relative velocity, giving the droplet lifetime different from the d$^{2}$-law.