• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.245-254
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• 1998

Prematurity is the main cause for respiratory disorders in neonates. The goal in respiratory management is to maintain respiration with adequate oxygenation. Chest vibration(CV) prior to on dotracheal suctioning(ETS) has been arbitrarily applied to ventilated premature infants without the scientific evaluation of its safety and efficacy. A repeated measure within subjects experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of CV prior to 875 on oxygenation and lung secretions in twenty-one ventilated premature infants. The independent variable was the type of research protocol, the control type (275 without C.V) and t he intervention(ETS with CV). The dependent variables were oxygen saturation(SpO₂), heart rate (HR), measured by pulse oximeter, and the amount of lung secretions measured in gram. The results showed there was no difference in SpO₂ responses regardless CV employed before ETS. But there was a significant difference in HR responses between the control and the intervention, even without clinical significance. There was a significant difference in the amount of lung secretions retrieved during ETS with CV, compared to ETS without CV. This study suggested the safety of CV by demonstrating no clinically significant changes in SpO₂ and HR in premature infants. The efficacy of CV could be supported by the increases in the amount of sputum during ETS with CV compared to ETS without CV in premature infants.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2021

[Purpose] This preliminary study aimed to develop a regression model to estimate the non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) of Korean adults using various easy-to-measure dependent variables. [Methods] NEAT was measured in 71 healthy adults (male n = 29; female n = 42). Statistical analysis was performed to develop a NEAT estimation regression model using the stepwise regression method. [Results] We confirmed that age^A, weight^B, heart rate (HR)_average^C, weight × HR_average^D, weight × HR_sum^E, systolic blood pressure (SBP) × HR_rest^F, fat mass ÷ height^2G, gender × HR_average^H, and gender × weight × HR_sum^I were important variables in various NEAT activity regression models. There was no significant difference between the measured NEAT values obtained using a metabolic gas analyzer and the predicted NEAT. [Conclusion] This preliminary study developed a regression model to estimate the NEAT in healthy Korean adults. The regression model was as follows: sitting = 1.431 - 0.013 × (A) + 0.00014 × (D) - 0.00005 × (F) + 0.006 × (H); leg jiggling = 1.102 - 0.011 × (A) + 0.013 × (B) + 0.005 × (H); standing = 1.713 - 0.013 × (A) + 0.0000017 × (I); 4.5 km/h walking = 0.864 + 0.035 × (B) + 0.0000041 × (E); 6.0 km/h walking = 4.029 - 0.024 × (C) + 0.00071 × (D); climbing up 1 stair = 1.308 - 0.016 × (A) + 0.00035 × (D) - 0.000085 × (F) - 0.098 × (G); and climbing up 2 stairs = 1.442 - 0.023 × (A) - 0.000093 × (F) - 0.121 × (G) + 0.0000624 × (E).

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 2021

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the association between myocardial blood flow (MBF) quantified by dynamic CT myocardial perfusion imaging (CT-MPI) and the increments in heart rate (HR) after stress in patients without obstructive coronary artery disease. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively included 204 subjects who underwent both dynamic CT-MPI and coronary CT angiography (CCTA). Patients with more than minimal coronary stenosis (diameter ≥ 25%), history of myocardial infarction/revascularization, cardiomyopathy, and microvascular dysfunction were excluded. Global MBF at stress was measured using hybrid deconvolution and maximum slope model. Furthermore, the HR increments after stress were recorded. Results: The median radiation dose of dynamic CT-MPI plus CCTA was 5.5 (4.5-6.8) mSv. The median global MBF of all subjects was 156.4 (139.8-180.4) mL/100 mL/min. In subjects with HR increment between 10 to 19 beats per minute (bpm), the global MBF was significantly lower than that of subjects with increment between 20 to 29 bpm (153.3 mL/100 mL/min vs. 171.3 mL/100 mL/min, p = 0.027). This difference became insignificant when the HR increment further increased to ≥ 30 bpm. Conclusion: The global MBF value was associated with the extent of increase in HR after stress. Significantly higher global MBF was seen in subjects with HR increment of ≥ 20 bpm.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.87-93
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• 2017

In this paper, we design a small low power single channel ECG(Electrocardiogram) system of Chest Belt type with fiber-type electrodes to measure emotional state change of game addict. HRV(Heart Rate Variability) is analyzed through heart rate signal measurement and the psychological stress state is judged by using it. And it verifies its effectiveness through prototype. First, we design HR measurement module through low power MCU(Micro Controller Unit) and implement prototype level measurement system. The results showed that the difference between the addiction group and the general group was confirmed and that the system was effective. The result of this study can be used for health management such as reduction of stress of the user through music and breathing that lowers the stress by detecting the stress state of the general person or the chronic ill person.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.147-156
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• 2011

Basic emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust have been widely used to investigate emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity in many studies. On the contrary, surprise emotion, Suggested also as one of the basic emotions suggested by Ekman et al. (1983), has been least investigated. The purpose of this study was to provide a description of cardiovascular responses on surprise stimulus using electrocardiograph (ECG) and photoplethysmograph (PPG). ECG and PPG were recorded from 76 undergraduate students, as they were exposed to a visuo-acoustic surprise stimulus. Heart rate (HR), standard deviation of R-R interval (SD-RR), root mean square of successive R-R interval difference (RMSSD-RR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), finger blood volume pulse amplitude (FBVPA), and finger pulse transit time (FPTT) were calculated before and after the stimulus presentation. Results show significant increase in HR, SD-RR, and RMSSD-RR, decreased FBVPA, and shortened FPTT. Evidence suggests that surprise emotion can be characterized by vasoconstriction and accelerated heart rate, sympathetic activation, and increased heart rate variability, parasympathetic activation. These results can be useful in developing an emotion theory, or profiling surprise-specific physiological responses, as well as establishing the basis for emotion recognition system in human-computer interaction.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2019

Stress is accompanied by changes in the responses of the autonomic nervous system, and the heart rate variability (HRV) index is a quantitative marker that reflects autonomic responses induced by stressors. In this study, we observed changes in the autonomic responses induced by combinations of 30% oxygen administration and color light for stress relaxation. In all, 42 participants produced stress symptoms over the preceding two weeks, as rated on the stress response scale. After stress assessment, they were exposed to three therapeutic conditions, and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were recorded before, during, and after therapy. The three therapy conditions consisted of only 30% oxygen administration with white light, a combination of 30% oxygen and orange light, and a combination of 30% oxygen and blue light. The HRV indices extracted from ECG signals were heart rate (HR), the standard deviation of the RR interval (SDNN), the mean square root of consecutive RR interval difference values (RMSSD), the low frequency component of HRV (LF), the high frequency component (HF), and the LF/HF ratio. These indicators were used to compare mean values before and after therapy. The results showed that HR and the LF/HF ratio were significantly lower after therapy than before it. In particular, the condition with 30% oxygen and blue light yielded significantly greater RMSSD and HF increases, as well as decreases in LF/HF ratio than in other two conditions. Our results suggest that therapy with 30% oxygen and blue light is the most effective for the relaxation of stress, which implies autonomic balance by parasympathetic activation.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.243-252
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• 2015

The present study, to examine the effect of the exercise for weight control, compares the difference of the heart rate and energy expenditure by sex during Twist exercise. Twenty eight adults (male 14, female 14) were carried out Twist exercise for 7 minutes and 14 minutes. During performing the exercise program, to perform HR and related variables were measured for 7 minutes and 14 minutes. Through a twist exercise treatment and the following results were obtained. 1. Females had slightly higher, without statistical significance, number of heart beat, minimum heart rate, maximum heart rate, and average heart rate than male had for both 7 minutes and 14 minutes of Twist exercise. 2. In the case of energy consumption, significant differences did not appear until 7 minutes to perform Twist exercise. On the other hand, the energy consumption for 14 minutes of performance was significantly higher in male than in female (p<.05). However, energy expenditure for the period per minute per unit weight (kcal/min/kg) showed no difference. 3. If more than 30 minutes duration were preformed the Twist exercise, males were expected to consume significantly higher than females (p<.05). To consume calories for the 10,000 step walk of, it would be required about 76 minutes for Twist exercise time without distinction of sex. Through the above findings, twist exercise is a form of aerobic exercise for obesity prevention and weight control, as well as it might be beneficial to practice and maintain the health and physical fitness with offering a variety of exercise opportunities in the public.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2012

Effect of supplementary intranasal midazolam on oral sedation of children The purpose of this study was to compare the cardiopulmonary parameters of two sedation regimens during dental treatment: (1) Oral chloral hydrate(CH) and hydroxyzine(HZ) with nitrous oxide-oxygen($N_2O/O_2$) inhalation(CH-HZ group); (2) Oral chloral hydrate(CH) and hydroxyzine(HZ) with nitrous oxide-oxygen($N_2O/O_2$) inhalation and supplementary intranasal(IN) midazolam administration(MIDA group). Among the patients of OO hospital who received dental treatment under sedation over the past 5 years, 44 patients were selected for each group of CH-HZ and MIDA according to their age, gender and weight. Following parameters that were recorded every 5 minutes were compared: 1) Heart rate(HR) 2) $O_2$ saturation 3) End tidal carbon dioxide concentration($EtCO_2$) 4) Respiratory rate(RR) 33 patients of Group MIDA who have complete data of 15 minutes before and after supplementary IN midazolam administration were selected. And measurements 15 minutes before and after midazolam administration in same patient were evaluated. The results were as follows: 1. Heart rate was significantly higher in MIDA group than in CH-HZ group, but it was within normal range. 2. Comparing HR, $O_2$ saturation, EtCO2, RR between before and after of supplementary IN midazolam administration in the same patient, the differences were not statistically significant.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2021

[Purpose] This pilot study aimed to develop a regression model to estimate the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) of Korean adults using various easy-to-measure dependent variables. [Methods] The EPOC and dependent variables for its estimation (e.g., sex, age, height, weight, body mass index, fat-free mass [FFM], fat mass, % body fat, and heart rate_sum [HR_sum]) were measured in 75 healthy adults (31 males, 44 females). Statistical analysis was performed to develop an EPOC estimation regression model using the stepwise regression method. [Results] We confirmed that FFM and HR_sum were important variables in the EPOC regression models of various exercise types. The explanatory power and standard errors of estimates (SEE) for EPOC of each exercise type were as follows: the continuous exercise (CEx) regression model was 86.3% (R²) and 85.9% (adjusted R²), and the mean SEE was 11.73 kcal, interval exercise (IEx) regression model was 83.1% (R²) and 82.6% (adjusted R²), while the mean SEE was 13.68 kcal, and the accumulation of short-duration exercise (AEx) regression models was 91.3% (R²) and 91.0% (adjusted R²), while the mean SEE was 27.71 kcal. There was no significant difference between the measured EPOC using a metabolic gas analyzer and the predicted EPOC for each exercise type. [Conclusion] This pilot study developed a regression model to estimate EPOC in healthy Korean adults. The regression model was as follows: CEx = -37.128 + 1.003 × (FFM) + 0.016 × (HR_sum), IEx = -49.265 + 1.442 × (FFM) + 0.013 × (HR_sum), and AEx = -100.942 + 2.209 × (FFM) + 0.020 × (HR_sum).

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.853-860
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• 2010

This study investigated differences in blood oxygen saturation($SpO_2$) and heart rate(HR) according to flow rate, gender, and phase in males and females in their 60s when the supply of 93% highly concentrated oxygen administration was changed (1L/min, 3L/min, and 5L/min). It recruited totally 20 elderly subjects including 10 males($68.0{\pm}2.6$ years) and 10 females ($65.5{\pm}3.1$ years). The experiment consisted of three phages of Rest 1(5 min), Hyperoxia(10 min), and Rest 2(10 min), and $SpO_2$[%] and HR[bpm] were measured during all phages. $SpO_2$ was higher in Hyperoxia phase supplied with highly concentrated oxygen than in Rest phases. Higher flow rate was associated with more increase in $SpO_2$. HR was reduced in Hyperoxia phase compared to Rest phases. More supply of highly concentrated oxygen was associated with more decrease of HR. However, there were no differences in both $SpO_2$ and HR according to gender.