• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2009

In this study, we evaluated anti-oxidation and whitening effects of Ligularia stenocephala extract for use as the cosmeceuticals. L. stenocephala was extracted by three different solvents which was n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, $H_{2}O$. The free radical (1,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity of extract of L. stenocephala was in the order: ethyl acetate fraction of leaf ($IC_{50}$ value of 10.512ug/mL) > ethyl acetate fraction of stem ($IC_{50}$ value of 31.877ug/mL) > $H_{2}O$ fraction of leaf ($IC_{50}$ value of 129.194ug/mL). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity of extract of L. stenocephala was in the order: ethyl acetate fraction of leaf ($IC_{50}$ value of 0.230mg/mL) > ethyl acetate fraction of stem ($IC_{50}$ value of 0.528mg/mL) > $H_{2}O$ fraction of leaf ($IC_{50}$ value of 0.799mg/mL). Tyrosinase inhibition activity of L. stenocephala extracts was reduced 29.477% on ethyl acetate fraction of leaf, 13.583% on ethyl acetate fraction of stems. Therefore, L. stenocephala extracts may be useful as a new antioxidant and whitening agent to inhibit melanogenesis.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.123-151
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• 2002

The objective of this study is to analyze the causal relationship of hospital inpatient's perceived quality, overall satisfaction, service value, and future intention to revisit. To carry out this objective, first we analyzed the dimensions of inpatient care service quality using SERVQUAL scale. The SERVQUAL scale is based on the gap theory, that is, the difference of patients' expectations and the actually received medical care service in hospital. On the basis of this theory, we measured the inpatient's perceived service quality and overall patient satisfaction. Data was gathered from a self-administered questionnaire at a 980 bed university hospital in Inchon City. These questionnaire measuring the service quality were distributed to 250 inpatients. The response rate was 66.4%. A total of 166 questionnaires was finally analyzed. To categorize medical service quality, the factor analysis was performed on 42 items. The reliability and validity of these items was evaluated. Finally to test 6 hypotheses, we analyzed the causal relationship of service quality, overall satisfaction, service value, and intention to revisit through the structural equation modeling(SEM). The major results of this study are as follows. First, the dimension of inpatient service quality was categorized into 7 dimensions, that is, personal caring, communication, access, physical environment, facilities and equipment, cleanliness, appropriateness and health status. Second, the reliability and validity of inpatient service quality items was satisfied. Third, as a result of structural equation modeling, the effect of inpatient's perceived service quality on overall satisfaction, service value, and intention to revisit was statistically significant. And total effect on intention to revisit as the core endogenous variable was perceived service quality(1.100), patient satisfaction(0.006), and service value(0.605).

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권11호
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• pp.1435-1442
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• 2008

본 연구는 건강기능식품 구매의도에 대한 소비가치의 영향력을 파악하고, 이 관계에서 건강동기, 건강염려, 식품몰입과 같은 개인의 개성과 관련된 특성들의 조절효과를 규명하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 본 연구 결과에 대한 요약은 다음과 같다. 각 측정개념들의 요인분석 결과, 소비가치는 7개의 요인으로 추출되었으며 건강동기, 건강염려, 식품몰입은 각각 1개씩의 요인으로 추출되었다. 각 구성개념들의 신뢰도는 소비가치 중에서 기능적 가치 요인의 경우 .886, 감정적 가치는 .904, 인식적 가치는 .813, 사회적 가치 I는.734, 상황적 가치는 .872, 사회적 가치 II와 III는 각각 .600과 .576이었고, 건강동기의 신뢰도는 .883, 건강염려의 신뢰도는 .834, 식품몰입의 신뢰도는 .883으로 나타나 내적일관성을 확보하였다. 단계적 회귀분석을 통한 소비가치가 건강기능식품의 구매의도에 미치는 영향력 분석에서 사회적 가치(${\beta}=.161$), 감정적 가치(${\beta}=.293$), 기능적 가치(${\beta}=.328$), 인식적 가치(${\beta}=.290$), 상황적 가치(${\beta}=.196$)가 통계적으로 유의한 영향변수들(F=37.582, p<.001)인 것으로 나타났으며, 이 다섯 개의 변수로 이루어진 회귀모형의 설명력은 41.4%였다. 위계적 회귀분석을 통한 조절효과 분석에서 건강염려만이 소비가치 중 사회적 가치 I(SV-I)와 건강기능식품의 구매의도의 관계에서 조절작용이 있는 것으로(F=4.409, p<0.05) 나타났다. 건강기능식품 구매의도에 대해 1단계에 투입된 사회적 가치 I의 $R^2$(.017)와 2단계에 투입된 건강염려 변수의 ${\Delta}R^2$(.025)이 유의적이었으며, 독립변수인 사회적 가치 I와 조절변수인 건강염려와의 상호작용항(SV I * HC)이 투입된 3단계의 ${\Delta}R^2$(.015)도 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 건강기능식품의 구매 및 선택 과정에 대한 소비자 측면의 실증적 연구로서, 이상의 연구결과들은 건강기능식품 구매에 영향을 미치는 변수들을 이용하여 보다 효율적인 건강기능식품 소비자 마케팅 전략 확립에 도움이 될 수 있는 자료를 제공할 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 또한 식품선택과 관련한 연구영역에서 소비가치 개념의 적용가능성을 확인하였으므로 향후 건강기능식품 및 다양한 식품의 선택 및 구매에 대한 연구에 소비가치 개념이 이용될 수 있을 것이다. 건강염려 변수와 같은 식품관련 개성 특성들이 건강기능식품 구매의도에 조절작용을 갖는 변수임을 확인한 점은 향후 보다 다양한 개성 관련 식품 특성들의 영향력에 대하여 연구할 수 있는 계기로 작용할 것이다. 그리고 본 연구의 결과에서 확립된 회귀모형을 이용하여 실제 건강기능식품 구매 집단과 비구매 집단별 적합성을 향후 연구에서 판별 함수로 검증한다면 본 회귀모형이 보다 정확하게 식품 선택 연구 모형에 적용될 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 본 연구의 지역적 한정성과 연구대상자의 연령층이 대학생으로 제한된 점은 향후 연구에서 보완되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2008

This study has collected 322 clinical dental hygienists working in Daegu and around Daegu, in order to investigate perceived value of work among dental hygienists and extent of organizational attitude and find relationship between these, and we can finds these conclusions as follows; 1. The total average point of perceived value of work is 3.36(5 is a full mark), and we could gain each points as follows; vision realizability 3.53, process efficiency 3.42, product usefulness 3.32, job significance 3.31, social recognition 3.23. 2. The total average point of organizational attitude is 3.13, and job satisfaction, organizational commitment are 3.14, 3.12 respectively. 3. Variables of perceived value of work related job satisfaction are social recognition, vision realizability, process efficiency,(Social recognition is the most effective variable, and next vision realizability, process efficiency are effective in the order named.)($R^2$=.24) and we could find that job satisfaction is proportion to perceived value of work, according to relationship of these variables. Variables of perceived value of work related to organizational commitment are also vision realizability, social recognition, process efficiency,(Vision realizability is the most effective variable, and next social recognition, process efficiency are effective in the order named.)($R^2$=.32) and we could find that organizational commitment is proportion to perceived value of work, according to relationship of these variables. According to these result, perceived value of work and organization attitude(job satisfaction, organizational commitment) of dental hygienists are affirmative. but to make their attitudes be more affirmative, the research about improving perceived value of work is needed. Especially, vision realizability and social satisfaction are very important variables at perceived value of work of dental hygienists.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.494-510
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• 2001

As a family respond to any stressful situation as a whole system, cancer diagnosis of a child, as a serious life event, could be emotional shock to destroy homeostasis of the family system. A family has a resilient capacity to adjust and adapt to stressful events. Previous studies have been focused on family stress and adaptation, but little attention has been given to family value as one of resilient factors. The data for model testing were collected from July 18, 2000 to August 30, 2000 and the analysis included 309 parents of children who are diagnosed as cancer, 18 or less years of age, and treated either hospitalized or at the outpatient clinics. The data analysis utilized SAS 6.12 and LISREL 8 for descriptive statistics, correlation, cluster analysis, factor analysis, and LISREL. The study findings are as follows. 1) Monthly income (γ=-0.28, t=-5.81) was the most important factor to explain family strain along with family support (γ=-0.11, t=-2.43), severity of children's illness (γ=0.26, t=5.22), and family stressor (γ=0.22, t=4.62). All of these factors together explained 40％ of variance in family strain. 2) Among general family value, the relationship with the parents (γ=0.28, t=4.89) and relationship with the children (γ=0.20, t=3.60) showed positive effects to family value for cancer children, while relationship with the spouse (γ=-0.19, t=-3.22) and the age of the cancer children (γ=-0.11, t=-2.21) showed negative effects. These predictors together explained 22％ of variance in family value for cancer children. 3) Family hardiness was explained mostly by family strain (γ=-0.53, t=-8.65) along with direct negative effects of family persistency and indirect negative effects of severity of children's illness, family stressor, relationship with the spouse, and the children's age. Family value for cancer children was the most important predictor with positive effect (γ=0.44, t=6.76) along with indirect effects of monthly income, relationship with the parents, relationship with the children, support from family and significant others, and confidence with the health professionals. 51％ of variance in family hardiness was explained by all of these predictors. 4) The most important predictor for family adaptation was family stressor (γ=-0.50, t=-6.85) with direct and indirect negative effects along with the severity of children's illness (γ=-0.27, t=-5.21). However, family value for cancer children showed compromised total effect (γ=-0.13, t=-1.99) with negative direct effects (γ=-0.28, t=-3.43) and positive indirect effects (γ=0.14, t=3.01). Similarly, confidence with the health professionals also showed compromised total effect (γ=0.09, t=1.99) with positive direct effects and negative indirect effects. Family hardiness showed the biggest positive direct effects while other factors such as monthly income, family stressor, family persistence, support of family and significant others, relationship with the parents, relationship with the children, and relationship with the spouse, and children's age showed indirect effects only. 39％ of variance in family adaptation was explained by all of these predictors.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권sup3호
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• pp.113-117
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• 2016

Quantile regression is an efficient method for predicting and estimating the relationship between explanatory variables and percentile points of the response distribution, particularly for extreme percentiles of the distribution. To study the relationship between urbanization and cancer morbidity, we here applied quantile regression. This cross-sectional study was conducted for 9 cancers in 345 cities in 2007 in Iran. Data were obtained from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the relationship between urbanization and cancer morbidity was investigated using quantile regression and least square regression. Fitting models were compared using AIC criteria. R (3.0.1) software and the Quantreg package were used for statistical analysis. With the quantile regression model all percentiles for breast, colorectal, prostate, lung and pancreas cancers demonstrated increasing incidence rate with urbanization. The maximum increase for breast cancer was in the 90th percentile (${\beta}$=0.13, p-value<0.001), for colorectal cancer was in the 75th percentile (${\beta}$=0.048, p-value<0.001), for prostate cancer the 95th percentile (${\beta}$=0.55, p-value<0.001), for lung cancer was in 95th percentile (${\beta}$=0.52, p-value=0.006), for pancreas cancer was in 10th percentile (${\beta}$=0.011, p-value<0.001). For gastric, esophageal and skin cancers, with increasing urbanization, the incidence rate was decreased. The maximum decrease for gastric cancer was in the 90th percentile(${\beta}$=0.003, p-value<0.001), for esophageal cancer the 95th (${\beta}$=0.04, p-value=0.4) and for skin cancer also the 95th (${\beta}$=0.145, p-value=0.071). The AIC showed that for upper percentiles, the fitting of quantile regression was better than least square regression. According to the results of this study, the significant impact of urbanization on cancer morbidity requirs more effort and planning by policymakers and administrators in order to reduce risk factors such as pollution in urban areas and ensure proper nutrition recommendations are made.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.334-347
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• 2006

The aim of this study is to evaluate the reasonableness of the medical fee on oral and maxillofacial surgery field according to surgeon's opinions and actual conditions. The medical fee has significant influence on hospital income, the supply and distribution of medical manpower, quality and facilities of medical services. Questionnaire survey was sent to 86 oral and maxillofacial surgeons who worked more than 3 years in general hospital. Among them, 25 doctors replied the 109 answers survey and the average of treatment time and physician work relative value on each category was calculated. And the health insurance cost (that has been applied since 2003) was compared with the questionnaire results. And finally we investigated items that health insurance system did not include in oral and maxillofacial field but actually performed in oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic. The result was that the medical fee did not properly reflect physician work relative value of actual treatments. In case of complicated extraction, work relative value needed 3.5 times enhancement of present value. For simple impacted tooth extraction 1.8 times, for impacted tooth extraction including odontomy 1.7 times, and for fully impacted tooth more than 2/3 of it located into the alveolar bone, 1.8 times enhancement needed. In respect of the present physician work relative value, hemimandibulectomy with neck lymph node dissection for the malignancy is appropriated as 3.3 times of open reduction and internal fixation for the mandibular fracture, but the questionnaire result showed 25 times discrepancy. In conclusion, this research shows the need for intervention that health insurance included items and legal relative medical value must act in union with treatment in clinic to reduce the imbalance between them.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.433-437
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• 2006

Objectives: The aim of this study is to develop a methodology for estimating a nationwide statistic for hernia operations with using the claim database of the Korea Health Insurance Cooperation (KHIC). Methods: According to the insurance claim procedures, the claim database was divided into the electronic data interchange database (EDI_DB) and the sheet database (Paper_DB). Although the EDI_DB has operation and management codes showing the facts and kinds of operations, the Paper_DB doesn't. Using the hernia matched management code in the EDI_DB, the cases of hernia surgery were extracted. For drawing the potential cases from the Paper_DB, which doesn't have the code, the predictive model was developed using the data mining technique called SEMMA. The claim sheets of the cases that showed a predictive probability of an operation over the threshold, as was decided by the ROC curve, were identified in order to get the positive predictive value as an index of usefulness for the predictive model. Results: Of the claim databases in 2004, 14,386 cases had hernia related management codes with using the EDI system. For fitting the models with applying the data mining technique, logistic regression was chosen rather than the neural network method or the decision tree method. From the Paper_DB, 1,019 cases were extracted as potential cases. Direct review of the sheets of the extracted cases showed that the positive predictive value was 95.3%. Conclusions: The results suggested that applying the data mining technique to the claim database in the KHIC for estimating the nationwide surgical statistics would be useful from the aspect of execution and cost-effectiveness.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.218-226
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• 2015

Background: The present study aimed to analyze the index value trends of injured employed persons (IEPs) covered in Pakistan Labour Force Surveys from 2001-02 to 2012-13. Methods: The index value method based on reference years and reference groups was used to analyze the IEP trends in terms of different criteria such as gender, area, employment status, industry types, occupational groups, types of injury, injured body parts, and treatment received. The Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was also performed to investigate the inter-relationship of different occupational variables. Results: The values of IEP increased at the end of the studied year in industry divisions such as agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing, followed by in manufacturing and construction industry divisions. People associated with major occupations (such as skilled agricultural and fishery workers) and elementary (unskilled) occupations were found to be at an increasing risk of occupational injuries/diseases with an increasing IEP trend. Types of occupational injuries such as sprain or strain, superficial injury, and dislocation increased during the studied years. Major injured parts of body such as upper limb and lower limb found with increasing trend. Types of treatment received, including hospitalization and no treatment, were found to decrease. Increased IEP can be justified due to inadequate health care facilities, especially in rural areas by increased IEP in terms of gender, areas, received treatment, occupational groups and employment status as results found after Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. Conclusion: The increasing trend in the IEP% of the total employed persons due to agrarian activities shows that there is a need to improve health care setups in rural areas of Pakistan.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.145-157
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• 1999

Wood dust is created when machines are used to cut or shape wood materials. Industries of high risk of wood dust exposure are sawmills, dimension mills, furniture industries, and carpenters, etc. Health effects associated with wood dust exposure includes dermatitis, allergic respiratory effects and cancer. Health effects of wood dus t are mainly depend on the concentration, dust size and exposure time. This study were carried out to evaluate the concentration and particle size distribution of wood dust during working processes. The subjects of this study were 53 workers exposed to wood dust in 7 furniture factories and 5 musical instruments, and 5 sawmill factories. The average total wood dust concentrations measured by personal cascade impactor were $1.82{\pm}2.31mg/m^3$ in primary manufacture, $3.59{\pm}1.72mg/m^3$ in s econdary manufacture, $5.09{\pm}1.46mg/m^3$ in sanding operation. Mass median diameters of hardwoods dust were $3.36{\mu}m$ in primary manufacture, $4.25{\mu}m$ in secondary manufacture, $4.21{\mu}m$ in sanding operation. softwoods dust were $3.39{\mu}m$ in primary manufacture, $4.34{\mu}m$ in secondary manufacture. Particle size distributions showed a nearly the same pattern in each working processes. The sample concentration of all hardwood dust exceeded the Threshold Limit Value(TLV) and 20.8% of the softwood dust exceeded the Threshold Limit Value. The range of size distribution were $0.5-10{\mu}m$ in the soft and hardwood dust. The respirable dust of soft and hardwood took up 59% and above. Therefore new threshold limit value for wood dust should be needed in Korea. Also, it should be done for various studies on health effects related to occupational exposure of wood dust.