• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.220-230
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• 2022

Seasonal variability of water quality in the upland headwater streams in ten forested catchments (37.0~209.0 ha) was examined from April to November 2021. Here, seven physicochemical parameters were analyzed including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorous (T-P), and BOD/TOC. The parameters were compared with those of lowerland rivers as middle and lower reaches within a watershed. The pH showed was low (6.4~6.9) during all the seasons, however, BOD and BOD/TOC in the fall season were 2-fold higher than in the spring and summer seasons. Based on environmental standards, the water quality level revealed that the upland headwater streams maintained the purity and cleanliness of water except for pH in the summer season. BOD/TOC of all the seasons and BOD of the fall season in the upland headwater streams were higher than that in the lowerland rivers, whereas the rest of the physicochemical parameters in the upland headwater streams were lower than that in the lowerland rivers. Additionally, the water quality level maintained the purity and cleanliness of water as "Good" in two reaches. The unique aspects of our study design enabled us to draw inferences about water quality characteristics with temporal and spatial analysis in upland headwater streams. This design will be useful for the long-term strategy of effective water quality management for integrated upland headwater streams and lowerland rivers within a watershed.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.319-328
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• 2014

Dorang - the Korean term for headwater streams - occupy a large portion of the total stream length in a basin, and contribute significantly towards the quantitative and qualitative characteristics, and the ecosystem, of the main river. The Ministry of Environment of South Korea has supported the investigation of the status of Dorang in the nation's four major basins, since 2007. Without a widely accepted academic or legal definition of Dorang, however, there are limits to understand the distribution of Dorang at the national scale and to systematically compile a Dorang database. This paper, through a review of the stream classification system and Korean legal system delineating streams, defines Dorang as 1st and 2nd order streams according to the Strahler ordering method, in a 1:25,000 geographical scale. Analysis of the Geum River basin, with this definition, reveals that the total length of Dorang is 20,622.4 km (73.6% of total stream length), and the number of Dorang catchments is 23,639 (71.3% of the basin area). Further analysis of the geomorphological characteristics of Dorang catchments shows that the average total stream length is 1.1 km, average catchment length is 1.2 km, average drainage area is $0.4km^2$, and average drainage density is 3.08/km.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1171-1179
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• 2012

Headwaters initiate material export to downstream environments. A nested headwater study examined the flux of dissolved constituents and water from a perennial stream and four ephemeral/intermittent streams in the Upper Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi. Water was collected during storm and baseflow conditions. Multiple linear regression was used to model constituent concentration and calculate flux. Event was the major source of water discharged from the ephemeral and intermittent streams however, baseflow was the major source for water discharged by the perennial stream during events. The perennial stream had an area weighted average yields of 10.1, 0.01, 1.03, 0.65 kg/ha/yr of DON (dissolved organic nitrogen), $NO_3^-$-N, $NH_4^+$-N and $PO_4^{-3}$, respectively while large variabilities existed between the ephemeral and intermittent streams. These findings highlight the importance of headwaters in protecting the low order drainage basins as a key to water quality within perennial streams.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 1994년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.142.2-142
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• 1994

No Abstract, See Full Text

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 1994년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.141.1-141
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• 1994

No Abstract, See Full Text

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 1994년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.142.1-142
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• 1994

No Abstract, See Full Text

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.112-115
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• 1998

During the spring and fall of 1994 and winter of 1995, the exposure time of periphyton biomass on terval. In the streams with low periphyton biomass (chi. a: 2-4 mg/$m^2$) in natural rocks, biomass of arttificial substrata (unglazed tile: $3.7{\times}9.5{\times}2 cm$) exceeded that of the natural rocks after 28 days, while sites with high biomass (chi. a: 20-60 mg/$m^2$) in natural rocks showed slower biomass accumulation after 40 days. Due to the high licht input and temperature in a Partially shaded mountain stream, development of periphyton biomass in spring occurred faster than that of winter. In general, development of periphyton biomass placed on artificial substrata took 4-5 weeks in spring and at least 6 weeks In winter to reach the natural level.

• 생태와환경
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.192-203
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• 2018

Headwater streams provide various microhabitats, resulting in high diversity of macroinvertebrate community. In this study, we compared the differences of communities between two adjacent headwater streams (Jangjeon stream (GRJ; GRJ1-GRJ5) and Haanmi stream (GRH; GRH1-GRH3)) in Jungwang and Gariwang mountains, Gangwon-do and evaluated the effects of habitat condition to the macroinvertebrates community composition. In order to characterize the macroinvertebrate communities and extract influential environmental factors, we applied to Cluster analysis (CA), Indicator species analysis and Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Total 33,613 individuals in 3 phyla, 5 classes, 13 orders, 51 families, and 114 taxa (genera or species) were collected. Gammarus sp. was dominant at the upper stream of GRJ, whereas Chironomidae spp. was abundant at GRH and the downstream of GRJ. The CA classified samples into six clusters (1-6) reflecting spatial and temporal variation of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Benthic macroinvertebrate community composition was significantly different between two adjacent streams. Sweltsa sp. 1, Psilotreta kisoensis, Rhyacophila shikotsuensis and Serratella setigera were identified as representative indicator species for clusters 1, 2, 3 and 5, respectively. Similar to CA results, NMDS revealed the spatial and temporal differences of benthic macroinvertebrate communities, indicating the difference of community composition as well as microhabitat condition. Forest composition, proportion of boulders (>256 mm), and water velocity were main factors affecting the macroinvertebrate community composition.

• 생태와환경
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• 제34권3호통권95호
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• pp.239-250
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• 2001

가지산에서 발원하는 태화강의 본류 및 지천을 중심으로 1${\sim}$5차 하천인 22개 지점 (간헐천 45%;낙동강 수계 5개 지점,형산강 수계 4개 지점,태화강 수계 13개지점)에서 1999년 2월부터 2000년 30월까지 4${\sim}$8회 어류상을 조사한 결과 총 14과 44종 2,696개체가 채집되었다. Cyprinidae (18종, 1,845개체: 상대풍부도(RA),40.9%)가 우점과로 나타났고, Zacco temmincki (RA23.0%, 14개 지점)는 우점종으로 나타났으며, 아우점종은 Moroco oxycephalus (20.2%, 11개 지점), Zacco platypus (8.0%, 10개 지점), Mugil cephalus (5.2%, 3개 지점)순으로 나타났다. 채집된 종 중 한국고유종은 모두 8종으로 나타났다(5과, 166개체, 6.2%).한국고유종중 우점종은 Squalidus chankaensis tsuchigae (한국고유종 중53.6%)며, 아우점종은 Iksookimia longicorpa (20.5%)와 S. japonicus coreanus (6.6%)로 나타났다. 본 조사에서 외래도입종은 모두 3종, Micropterus salmoides (36 개체), Lepomis macrochirus (5개 체), Cyprinus carpio (in-troduced from Israel, 1개체)이 채집되었다. 형산강과 태화강 수계의 상류하천에서는 S. multimaculatus, Coreoperca herzi, Pungitus kaibarae가 채집되어 낙동강 수계와는 차이를 보였다.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 1996년도 한국생물과학협회 국제학술대회
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• pp.126.1-126
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• 1996

No Abstract, See Full Text