• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제35권12C호
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• pp.984-994
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• 2010

Pose variation is a critical problem in face recognition. Three-dimensional(3D) face recognition techniques have been proposed, as 3D data contains depth information that may allow problems of pose variation to be handled more effectively than with 2D face recognition methods. This paper proposes a pose-normalized 3D face modeling method that translates and rotates any pose angle to a frontal pose using a plane fitting method by Singular Value Decomposition(SVD). First, we reconstruct 3D face data with stereo vision method. Second, nose peak point is estimated by depth information and then the angle of pose is estimated by a facial plane fitting algorithm using four facial features. Next, using the estimated pose angle, the 3D face is translated and rotated to a frontal pose. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we designed 2D and 3D face recognition experiments. The experimental results show that the performance of the normalized 3D face recognition method is superior to that of an un-normalized 3D face recognition method for overcoming the problems of pose variation.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.341-346
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• 2013

목적: 머리위치와 사위의 관련성, 습관적인 머리위치 평가의 유용성을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 무작위 참여자 중 사위가 있는 22명(남자 20명, 여자 2명, 평균나이 $23.6{\pm}2.7$세)을 대상으로 하였다. 모든 대상자는 문진, 차폐검사, 굴절검사, 사위 및 융합여력검사를 실시하였다. 습관적인 머리위치(머리기울임과 얼굴돌림)는 Impression IST에 의한 타각적 측정과 검사자에 의한 주관적 관찰로 평가하였다. 결과: 사위가 있는 대상자에서 습관적인 머리위치가 드러날 수 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 프리즘 처방이 필요한 15명의 대상자에서 원거리 사위도와 얼굴돌림에서 유의한 Spearman 상관관계를 보였다($\rho$ = 0.524, p = 0.045). 사위 이상 대상자에서 머리위치와 사위도의 상관성은 없었다. 타각적 측정과 자각적 관찰의 상관성은 없었으나 타각적 측정은 정밀하고 자각적 관찰은 판별력이 있는 방법으로 평가되었다. 결론: 사위에서 이상두위 현상이 나타났으며, 이러한 결과들은 사위에서 모든 주 주시방향에서 습관적인 머리위치를 관찰할 필요가 있음을 암시한다.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2021

This paper presents a margin-based face liveness detection method with behavioral confirmation to prevent spoofing attacks using deep learning techniques. The proposed method provides a possibility to prevent biometric person authentication systems from replay and printed spoofing attacks. For this work, a set of real face images and fake face images was collected and a face liveness detection model is trained on the constructed dataset. Traditional face liveness detection methods exploit the face image covering only the face regions of the human head image. However, outside of this region of interest (ROI) might include useful features such as phone edges and fingers. The proposed face liveness detection method was experimentally tested on the author's own dataset. Collected databases are trained and experimental results show that the trained model distinguishes real face images and fake images correctly.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2004

Among accessaries, headwear is important to protect one's face and head from the sun, wind and cold. This study was performed to provide fundamental data on college female students' head shape by classifying their head shapes and by analyzing the characteristics of each head shape in order to improve the fitness of headwear. The subjects were 193 Korean college female students. The subjects were directly measured anthropometrically and indirectly analyzed photo-graphically. By direct and indirect measurement, 5 factors were extracted through factor analysis and those factors comprised 76.34% of the total variance. 3 clusters as their head shape were categorized using 5 factor scores by cluster analysis. Type 1 was characterized by long head type and having smallest head thickness and head girth. Type 2 had average size and the most round-head type. Type 3 was characterized by short head type and the largest head thickness and head girth.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.118-127
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• 2010

Objective : Hyperhidrosis is the secretion of sweat in amounts greater than physiologically needed for thermoregulation. Ryodoraku is a physiological function test using electric current, and is closely related to skin sympathetic tone. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of Ryodoraku and association of Ryodoraku with hyperhidrosis. Methods : For this study, we conducted Ryodoraku on 56 people, comprising 33 with palmar-plantar hyperhidrosis and 23 with head-face hyperhidrosis, who visited the 5th Internal Department of the Oriental Medicine Hospital of Kyung Hee University during the period from March 1, 2008 to May 31, 2009. Ryodoraku scores were evaluated and compared by 7 indices(upper, lower, left, right, yin, yang, total score). Results : Ryodoraku scores were significantly higher in hyperhidrosis patients than the normal group. Ryodoraku scores of palmar-plantar hyperhidrosis patients were significantly higher than of head-face hyperhidrosis patients and the normal group. The difference of Ryodoraku indices among palmar-plantar hyperhidrosis patients were insignificant. In head-face hyperhidrosis patients, the upper index was significant higher than the lower index. Conclusions : In hyperhidrosis patients, all indices were significant higher than lower. The upper/lower ratio was significant higher in head-face hyperhidrosis patients.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.594-600
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• 2003

In this paper, we propose a detection method for facial features in color images with various backgrounds and face poses. To begin with, the proposed method extracts face candidacy region from images with various backgrounds, which have skin-tone color and complex objects, via the color and edge information of face. And then, by using the elliptical shape property of face, we correct a rotation, scale, and tilt of face region caused by various poses of head. Finally, we verify the face using features of face and detect facial features. In our experimental results, it is shown that accuracy of detection is high and the proposed method can be used in pose-invariant face recognition system effectively

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.405-413
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• 2019

Background Face transplantation has naturally evolved from reconstructive procedures. However, few institutions perform face transplantations, because it is time-consuming and it is necessary to justify non-vital organ transplantation. We investigated the process of organ donation from brain-dead patients and the possibility of incorporating face transplantation into the donation process. Methods A retrospective review was performed of 1,074 brain-dead patients from January 2015 to December 2016 in Korea. We analyzed the time intervals from admission to brain death decisions (first, second, and final), the causes of brain death, and the state of the transplanted organs. Results The patient base (n=1,074) was composed of 747 males and 327 females. The average period between admission to the first brain death decision was 8.5 days (${\pm}15.3$). The average time intervals between the first brain death decision and medical confirmation using electroencephalography and between the first brain death decision and the final determination of brain death were 16 hours 58 minutes (${\pm}14hours$ 50 minutes) and 22 hours 57 minutes (${\pm}16hours$ 16 minutes), respectively. The most common cause of brain death was cerebral hemorrhage/stroke (42.3%), followed by hypoxia (30.1%), and head trauma (25.2%). Conclusions When face transplantation is performed, the transplantation team has 22 hours 57 minutes on average to prepare after the first brain death decision. The cause of brain death was head trauma in approximately one-fourth of cases. Although head trauma does not always imply facial trauma, surgeons should be aware that the facial tissue may be compromised in such cases.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.270-280
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• 2007

The objectives of study are to investigate the relationship between Sasang Constitution(四象醫學) and measuring items of the head and face and to develop useful diagnosis standard of Sasang Constitution. Subjects took QSCCII(Questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification II) tests repeatedly at an interval of one year and were diagnosed as same constitutions. The 9 Items were measured by Martin-type anthropometric method in 112 subjects. Compared with measurements of 3 constitutions, the mean values in Taeeum-in(太陰人) showed highest and there were significant differences in 7 items between Taeeum-in(太陰人) and other constitutions. Especially, Measurements of Bitragus to Submandibular Arc Length(BSAL) item and Bitragus to Menton Arc Length(BMAL) item showed significant differences between Taeeum-in(太陰人) male and other constitutions male. It seems that BSAL and BMA items can differentiate Taeeum-in(太陰人) from other constitutions and these items have possibility to be a diagnosis standard of Sasang Constitution.

• 복식
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2005

The anatomical structure of the head and face are influenced by environmental factors. Therefore in this study we had undertaken to determine normal values of the head and face by 3D measurement in the 384 normal Korean male adults to find out craniofacial characteristics of Korean male adults by the age group. From the basic statistical data analysis, vertex-tragion and the length between the pupils were the longest in their twenties and grew shorter in elderly groups. According to the analysis of the craniofacial proportion, the head type of Korean male adults was short-headed. The statistically noticeable differences were found in the measurement of the left and the right sides of face in the age groups of 20, 30, 40, and 50. The results of the factor analysis of the age group showed two groups which were classified to 20, 40, 50 ages and 30, 60 ages. The order of factor analysis was as follows; the perpendicular length, the horizontal length, and the width (from highest).

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제17B권5호
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• pp.355-362
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• 2010

얼굴추적은 3차원 공간상에서 머리(head)와 안면(face)의 움직임을 추정하는 기술로, 얼굴 표정 감정인식과 같은 상위 분석단계의 중요한 기반기술이다. 본 논문에서는 AAM 기반의 얼굴추적 알고리즘을 제안한다. AAM은 변형되는 대상을 분할하고 추적하는데 광범위하게 적용되고 있다. 그러나 여전히 여러 가지 해결해야할 제약사항들이 있다. 특히 자체중첩(self-occlusion)과 부분적인 중첩, 그리고 일시적으로 완전히 가려지는 완전중첩 상황에서 보통 국부해에 수렴(local convergence)하거나 발산하기 쉽다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 중첩상황에 대한 AAM의 강인성을 향상시키기 위해서 SIFT 특징을 이용하고 있다. SIFT는 일부 영상의 특징점으로 안정적인 추적이 가능하기 때문에 자체와 부분중첩에 효과적이며, 완전중첩의 상황에도 SIFT의 전역적인 매칭성능으로 별도의 재초기화 없이 연속적인 추적이 가능하다. 또한 추적과정에서 큰 자세변화에 따른 움직임을 효과적으로 추정하기 위해서 다시점(multi-view) 얼굴영상의 SIFT 특징을 온라인으로 등록하여 활용하고 있다. 제안한 알고리즘의 이러한 강인성은 위 세 가지 중첩상황에 대해서 기존 알고리즘들과의 비교실험을 통해서 보여준다.