• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.639-646
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• 2003

In this study, we evaluated genotoxicity of heavy metals among particulates with Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MCN) assay in the various working environment. In a synthetic fiber factory and a rubber factory, chromium concentration was higher than any other heavy metals. On the other hand, nickel concentration was the highest in a semi-conductor factory. The difference in genotoxicity among the working environment was statistically significant as Trad-MCN frequencies were 4.07 $\pm$0.35 MCN/100 tetrads (p< 0.01) for the synthetic fiber factory,5.73 $\pm$0.81 MCN/100 tetrads (p< 0.01) for the rubber factory, and 15.60$\pm$2.58 (p< 0.01) (p< 0.001) for the semi -conductor factory. As a result, heavy metals among particulates in the working environment can be considered to have hazardous potential to human health, although they cannot directly induce DNA damage to the workers in the working environments.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.266-271
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• 2011

Physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal content of soils located along the drainage way of an abandoned mine at Busan, Korea ($35^{\circ}31'N$, $129^{\circ}22'E$) (contaminated soil; CS) and uncontaminated soils (50-70 m apart from the drainage way) (NS) were examined. Growth of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicom cv. Rutgers) in CS and NS, development of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) as root-knot gall formation on tomato plants, and non-parasitic nematode populations in soil were also examined. Growth of tomato plants, root-knot gall formation, and non-parasitic nematode populations were significantly reduced in CS with higher As content, lower pH, higher electrical conductivity (EC), and lower available phosphate (av. $P_2O_5$) than in NS. None of the other physicochemical characters examined differed significantly between CS and NS (low and no significance) and were above or below the critical levels detrimental to plant growth and nematode development, suggesting that As may be the primary hazardous heavy metal in CS. The toxicity of As might be enhanced at low pH in CS because exchangeable forms of some heavy metals increase with the decrease of soil pH. The heavy metals, especially As, may have contributed to increasing EC and decreasing av. $P_2O_5$. Therefore, the effects of mine drainage contamination from the abandoned mine were derived primarily from contamination by heavy metals such as As. These may have been enhanced in toxicity (solubility) by the lowered pH, increased soil salinity (EC) and decreased av. $P_2O_5$. Our results suggest synergistic adverse effects on the plant and the nematode by decreasing osmotic potential and nutrient availability.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.19-25
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• 1992

The study was carried out to investigate the correlation between the heavy metals emitted by the motor vehicles with the heavy traffic road side environment (soil, leave, bark, ambient air). The Pb, Cu, Zn contents in road side soil sand leaves, barks from Ginkgo, biloba and ambient air adjacent to the heavy traffic road side from June to August, 1992 Suwon city were analyzed by Atomic absorption spectrometry and Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometry. The results were as follows: 1) The high levels of heavy metals concentration were Pb, at city-terminal in soil (186 $\mu$g/g), Cu, at city-terminal in soil (221 $\mu$g/g), Zn, at city-terminal in ambient air (252 $\mu$g/m$^{3}$). 2) The low leves of heavy metals concentration were Pb, at North-gate in ambient air (1.65$\mu$g/m$^{3}$), Cu, at North-gate in ambient air (4 $\mu$g/m$^{3}$), Zn, at North-gate in ambient air (15.31$\mu$g/m$^{3}$). 3) The regional distribution of Pb, Cu, Zn in road side soils, leaves and barks from Ginkgo, biloba, ambient air show high levels in turn, city4erminal, Guan Sean Dong, South gate, North gate. 4) The concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn) in soils, leaves, barks, ambient air was highly correlated with the traffic volume of the sampling sites (r=0.64~0.96). To conclude that the high levels of Pb, Cu, Zn contaminations were positively related to motor vehicles-borne pollutants and road side soils, trees, ambient air adjacent to a high density building area with low road coverage and heavy traffic volume were reflected strongly by the hazardous pollutants emitted by motor vehicles.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2001

Populus euramericana and Betula platyphylla var. japonica have been identified as possible species for use for phytoremediation of landfills. To identify the capacity of waste leachate absorption in Populus euramericana and Betula platyphylla var, japonica, four different treatments were applied to these seedlings: leachate solution (100% leachate), 50% dilution (50% leachate: 50% water, v/v) and 25% dilution (25% leachate: 75% water, v/v) were applied to these two species. After the experiment, concentrations of heavy metals in tree biomass were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma emission spectrometer (ICP). These two species can take up the hazardous parts of the leachate such as heavy metals. Especially, these species showed good absorption capacity of Al, Cr, and Fe elements. The result of this study suggested that these two species can take up the toxic materials through their roots and transport them to stems or leaves.

• Mineral and Industry
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• v.26
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• pp.1-12
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• 2013

In this study, an accelerated carbonation process was applied to stabilize hazardous heavy metals of industrial solid waste incineration (ISWI) bottom ash and fly ash, and to reduce $CO_2$ emissions. The most commonly used method to stabilize heavy metals is accelerated carbonation using a high water-to-solid ratio including oxidation and carbonation reactions as well as neutralization of the pH, dissolution, and precipitation and sorption. This process has been recognized as having a significant effect on the leaching of heavy metals in alkaline materials such as ISWI ash. The accelerated carbonation process with $CO_2$ absorption was investigated to confirm the leaching behavior of heavy metals contained in ISWI ash including fly and bottom ash. Only the temperature of the chamber at atmospheric pressure was varied and the $CO_2$ concentration was kept constant at 99% while the water-to-solid ratio (L/S) was set at 0.3 and $3.0dm^3/kg$. In the result, the concentration of leached heavy metals and pH value decreased with increasing carbonation reaction time whereas the bottom ash showed no effect. The mechanism of heavy metal-stabilization is supported by two findings during the carbonation reaction. First, the carbonation reaction is sufficient to decrease the pH and to form an insoluble heavy metal-material that contributes to a reduction of the leaching. Second, the adsorbent compound in the bottom ash controls the leaching of heavy metals; the calcite formed by the carbonation reaction has high affinity of heavy metals. In addition, approximately 5 kg/ton and 27 kg/ton $CO_2$ were sequestrated in ISWI bottom ash and fly ash after the carbonation reaction, respectively.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.268-274
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• 2010

Emission of heavy metals as hazardous air pollutants has been focused with tightening regulatory limits due to their hazardousness. Measurements and characteristic investigations of heavy metals emitted from a commercial power plant burning anthracite coal have been carried out. The plant consists of a circulating fluidized bed combustor, a cyclone, a boiler and an electrostatic precipitator(ESP) in series. Dust and gaseous samples were collected to measure main heavy metals including gaseous mercury before ESP and at stack. Dust emissions as total particulate matter (TPM), PM-10 and PM-2.5 at inlet of ESP were very high with 23,274, 9,555 and $7,790mg/Sm^3$, respectively, as expected, which is much higher than those from pulverized coal power plants. However TPM at stack was less than $0.16mg/Sm^3$, due to high dust removal efficiency by ESP. Similarly heavy metals emission showed high collection efficiency across ESP. From particle size distribution and metal enrichment in sizes, several metal concentrations could be correlated with particle size showing more enrichment in smaller particles. Mercury unlike other solid metals behaved differently by emitting as gaseous state due to high volatility. Removal of mercury was quite less than other metals due to it's volatility, which was 68% only. Across ESP, speciation change of mercury from elemental to oxidized was clearly shown so that elemental mercury was half of total mercury at stack unlike other coal power plants which equipped wet a scrubber.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.283-292
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was conducted to identify hazardous factors that reflect the characteristics of the academy and to provide basic data of environmental safety standard. Methods: Heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, pesticides and phthalates were measured in 20 academies, which were supplementary, music, art and physical education institutes. Results: In case of heavy metals, the 12 locations were detected for lead (Pb) over the standard value, and 15 locations were exceeded for the total heavy metal. In six locations, the concentrations of volatile organic compounds were exceeded the standard value of $400{\mu}g/m^3$, and two locations for formaldehyde were exceeded the standard value of $100{\mu}g/m^3$. The most commonly detected agents in the air dust were chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The concentrations of DEHP, DINP, and DBP were detected and exceeded in several academies, The risk assessment results showed that HCHO as carcinogen had a safety level of 10-7 to 10-6, and DEHP and DINP as non-carcinogens had a safety level as assessed to be under than 0.1. Conclusions: Through the investigation of long-term environmental and health effects related laws on academies, indoor air quality management might be needed because there were cases of exceeding standard.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.204-210
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• 2013

This study has focused on the possibility for recycling tailings from the Sangdong tungsten mine (TA) as admixture for concrete. TA has been accumulating for several decades in Sangdong, a region in Korea, and there is a growing demand for alternative uses for this hazardous substance. In particular, the use must be in accordance with the hazardous materials stipulations under the Korean waste control act. This study showed that TA presented pH of 8.0-9.3, 18.7-22.0% of water content, 2.7% of maximum ignition loss. The chemical composition of TA showed minute differences from each depth of sampling that represented approximately 50% of $SiO_2$ and 13% of both $Al_2O_3$ and $Fe_2O_3$. The chemical composition of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb from mortar incorporating TA showed lower levels of hazardous materials which met the specifications of the waste control act in Korea. The TA mortar also appeared very effective for stabilizing/solidifying heavy metals particularly when used in conjunction with SG.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the exposure risk to tattoo components by analyzing skin absorption using the in vitro method. Tattoos are commonly used for cosmetic purposes, and the skin of not only the operator but of the people who are undergoing the cosmetic procedure is continuously exposed to hazardous chemicals. Methods: Skin permeation risk determination was conducted by the in vitro Franz diffusion cell method according to the ingredient types of tattoo dyes, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), non-volatile organic compounds and heavy metals, using hairless mouse full skin and human cadaver epidermis. Results: The major components with good skin penetration for each type of tattoo dye ingredient were clarified. Among the tatto dye ingredients, 1,2-Dichlorobenzene, Zn, Al, Pb and Ti showed good skin penetration. Most of the skin transmission rates were higher in hairless mouse full skin than in human cadaver epidermis. Conclusion: A possible exposure risk to hazardous substances in tattoo dyes was confirmed from this study. These results are expected to provide a positive contribution to the establishment of management regulations for tattoo dyes.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1983-1993
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• 1996

For selected (pure and compound) metallic species effects of saturation ratio, temperature, particle size and number density on condensation mechanisms are first reviewed. The tendencies for vaporization and condensation differ between metallic species because of the significant differences in their saturation pressures. Then particle pressure of a metal vapor species at incineration temperature is calculated by simplifying waste as a compound of methane, chlorine and small amounts of metals and assuming a thermodynamic equilibrium state. Next the condition is assessed for which supersaturation of combustion gases by the species above the critical level for homogeneous condensation may occur, when the gases contain a large number of pre-existing particles such as entrained ashes. Regardless of the presence of chlorine in the waste, the homogeneous condensation of PbO vapors may occur, depending on number density of the pre-existing particles. However, when chlorine exists in the waste, the homogeneous condensation of PbCl$_2$vapors does not occur, which is similar to the case of Cd and Hg vapors. Thus these highly volatile species, PbCl$_2$, Cd, and Hg, may emit to atmosphere as vapor phase. In general, for reducing the emission of hazardous metallic species into the atmosphere, the number density of pre-existing particles has to be increased. For fixed particle number density, the temperature drop rate must be kept in low if the temperature at which a condensable vapor species emits from a incineration system is fixed, while the temperature drop rate must be kept in high if the residence time for which a condensable species stays in the system is fixed.