• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.35-41
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• 2011

Casualties due to toxic smoke products have been reported as major fire damage. There are various tests in order to evaluate toxic smoke from a fire at home and abroad, and KS F 2271 as a test of the gas hazard of building finish materials has been conducted in Korea. The current test of the gas hazard exposes rodent, laboratory rat, to smoke gases to evaluate combustion gas toxicity by measuring acting time of that. this study performed a test of the gas hazard for combustible polymer material, Urethane and rubber flooring, and determined gases with the FT-IR. Quantitative results compared with standard value defined in BS6853 and toxicity index (R) was calculated. Using relative comparison with animal test and the toxicity index, We tried a variety of toxicity evaluation by correlation analysis of two tests.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-57
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• 2016

Levee safety is being evaluated using one of the several failure causes including overtopping, infiltration and erosion or 1D hydraulic analysis considering physical characteristics of levee in practical engineering works. However, mentioned evaluation methods are not able to consider various failure causes of levee at the same time and to get reliable results where requires the accurate topographic information. This study proposed the flood hazard index which is able to consider several hazard factors involving overtopping, infiltration and erosion risk simultaneously. The index was generated from results of 2D hydraulic analysis reflecting accurate topographic information. The study areas are the confluences of the Nakdong River and two streams(Gamcheon and Hoecheon). Levee safety was evaluated using results based on 2D hydraulic analysis considering riverbed changes of before and after dredging work in the study area. This study will contribute to estimate the reliable safety evaluation of levee where may have hazards during extreme flood events.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1759-1764
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• 2015

Purpose: To establish the concept of lung cancer hazard assessment theoretical models, evaluating the degree of lung cancer risk of Beijing for regional population lung cancer hazard assessment to provide a basis for technical support. Materials and Methods: ISO standards were used to classify stratified analysis for the entire population, life cycle, processes and socioeconomic management. Associated risk factors were evaluated as lung cancer hazard risk assessment first class indicators. Study design: Using the above materials, indicators were given the weight coefficients, building lung cancer risk assessment theoretical models. Regional data for Beijing were entered into the theoretical model to calculate the parameters of each indicator and evaluate the degree of local lung cancer risk. Results: Adopting the concept of lung cancer hazard assessment and theoretical models for regional populations, we established a lung cancer hazard risk assessment system, including 2 first indicators, 8 secondary indicators and 18 third indicators. All indicators were given weight coefficients and used as information sources. Score of hazard for lung cancer was 84.4 in Beijing. Conclusions: Comprehensively and systematically building a lung cancer risk assessment theoretical model for regional populations in conceivable, evaluating the degree of lung cancer risk of Beijing, providing technical support and scientific basis for interventions for prevention.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.681-697
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• 2015

Iran as one of the countries located on the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt has recently experienced a few number of catastrophic earthquakes. A well-known index of how buildings are affected by earthquakes is through assessment of probable Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and structures' response spectra. In this research, active faults around Kerman and Birjand, two major cities in eastern parts of Iran, have been considered. Seismic catalogues are gathered to categorize effects of surrounding faults on seismicity of the region. These catalogues were further refined with respect to time and space based on Knopoff-Gardner algorithm in order to increase statistical independency of events. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) has been estimated for each of cities regarding 50, 100, 200 and 500 years of structures' effective life-span. These results subsequently have been compared with Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA). It has been observed that DSHA not necessarily suggests upper bound of PSHA results. Furthermore, based on spectral Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs), Uniform Hazard Spectra (UHS) and spectral acceleration were provided for 2% and 10% levels of probability of exceedance. The results show that increasing source-to-site distance leads to spectral acceleration reduction regarding each fault. In addition, the spectral acceleration rate of variation would increase if the source-to-site distance decreases.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2015

Recently, Korean government has tried out to set up earthquake hazards prevention system. In the system, several geotechnical hazard maps including liquefaction hazard map and landslide hazard map for the whole country have drawn to consider the domestic seismic characteristics. To draw the macro liquefaction hazard map, big data of site investigations in metropolitan areas and provincial areas has to be verified for its application. In this research, we carried out site response analyses using 522 borehole site investigation data in S city during a desirable earthquake. The soil classification was separately compared to shear wave velocity considering the uncertainty of site investigation data. Probability distribution and statistical analysis for the results of site response analyses was applied to the feasibility study. Finally, we suggest a new site amplification coefficient, hereby presented with the similar results of liquefaction hazard mapping using the calculated liquefaction potential index by the site response analyses. Above-mentioned study will be expected to help to follow research and draw liquefaction hazard map in moderate seismic region.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.5 no.4 s.19
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• pp.59-69
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• 2005

Drought is difficult to detect and monitor, but it is easy to interpret through the drought index. The Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI), which is most commonly used as one of drought indices, have been widely used, however, the index have limitation as operational tools and triggers for policy responses. Recently, a new index, the Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI), was developed to improve drought detection and monitoring capabilities. The SPI has an improvement over previous indices md has several characteristics including its simplicity and temporal flexibility that allow its application for water resources on all timescales. Keetch-Byram Dought Index(KBDI) was defined as a number representing the net effect of evapotranspiration and precipitation in producing cumulative moisture deficiency in deep duff or upper soil layer. The purpose of this study is to analyze drought in Korea by using PDSI, SPI and KBDI. The result of this study suggests standard drought index by comparing of estimated drought indices. The data are obtained from Korea Meteorological Administration 56 stations over 30 years in each of the 8 sub-basins covering the whole nation. It is found that the PDSI had the advantage to detect the stage of drought resulting from cumulative shortage of rainfall, while SPI and KBDI had the advantage to detect the stage of drought resulting from short-term shortage of rainfall.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.79-94
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• 2016

In order to evaluate the contamination and health risk, levels of six hazardous elements i.e., Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd and Pb in soils of 12 different land-uses were measured. The average concentration of Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, As and Cd in soils were 267, 239, 206, 195, 58 and 16 mg/kg, respectively. Levels of each metal exceeded the environmental action level for soils, which could pose significant risk to human. The metal concentrations were subsequently used to establish hazard indices (for adults and children) where the 5th and 95th percentile values were used to derive the hazard index through different exposure pathways (ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation). Considering the total exposure through each of the three pathways, the hazard index elucidates that there was a potency of non-cancer risk at most of the sites for both the adults and children. The findings of this study suggested that different land-use soils were severely contaminated with hazardous elements and attention is needed on the potential health risks to the exposed inhabitants.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.969-983
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• 2007

This study developed a ten-step procedure of integrated watershed management (IWM) for sustainability to rehabilitate the distorted hydrologic cycle and identified spatial hazard ranking(step 2). Spatial hazard indices, Potential flood damage (PFD), potential streamflow depletion (PSD), potential water quality deterioration (PWQD), and watershed evaluation index (WEI) were developed using multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques and sustainability evaluation concept(pressure-state-response model). The used MCDM techniques are composite programming, compromise programing, Regime method, and EVAMIX approach which are classified by data availability and objectives (prefeasibility and feasibility).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.8 no.4 s.25
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• pp.70-76
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• 2004

This research was for the analysis of gas industries and 12 Hazard evaluation techniques for the industries, and present the selection guideline of the techniques using 6 factors affecting them. 4 indexes & consequences of incidents into 8 characteristics. Also, combining the indexes with the selection procedure in flowchart format could reduce improper techniques and present alternatives. Also, it is used as guidelines to get safety improvement plan to gas companies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.66-73
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• 2009

Since the school buildings are generally used as public shelters when the natural disasters such as flood and earthquake occur, it must be designed to show enough structural performance when subject to earthquake. Major failure mode of the school buildings observed in past earthquakes were shear failure of column of which length is shortened by infilled masonry blocks. In this study, the seismic risk of the reinforced concrete school building structure was evaluated by using the seismic performance evaluation methods of low-story RC structures developed in Japan and the required seismic performance index which is obtained according to the KBC2008 seismic hazard map and soil types. In this paper, the seismic performance of the school building is evaluated by considering this short-column effects, building shape and deterioration.