• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.257-265
• /
• 2000

Harderian glands are the unique organs in several mammals, which human and non-human primates do not have. We report the ultrastructural changes in the postnatal developmental periods of Harderian glands in Mongolian gerbil(Meriones unguiculatus). Male and female Mongolian gerbils were sacrificed on days 3, 10, 30 and 60 after birth and their Harderian glands were observed by transmission electron microscope. The obtained results were summarized as follows; 1. In 3-day-old Mongolian gerbils, Harderian gland was composed of one excretory duct and immature tubules which have two type cells, dark and light cells, identified electron-dense and electron-lucent respectively. 2. In 10-day-old Mongolian gerbils, small lipid vacuoles began to be found in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells of the Harderian gland. Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, polysomes and slash were more abundant in the cytoplasm of dark cells than those of light cells. The arrangement of tubules in the gland was much more condensed than that of 3-day-old Mongolian gerbils. 3. In 30-day-old Mongolian gerbils, the secretory cells of the tubule were typically columnar in shape and there was one type cell in the tubule. Most of the columnar secretory cells contained various size vacuoles. 4. In 60-day-old Mongolian gerbils, the Harderian gland possessed the typical structural characteristics of adults. The mature glandular structures were more significant than those of 30-day-old animals.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 1999

This investigation was carried out to study morphological and chronological aspects of the development of the Harderian gland in the Mongolian gerbil(Meriones unguiculatus). Male and female Mongolian gerbils were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, 10, 30 and 60 after birth and their Harderian glands were processed for light microscopic observation. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. In 1-day-old Mongolian gerbil, Harderian gland was well distinguished from other tissue structures. It was composed of several immature tubules, and these tubules were separated each other by undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissues. 2. In 3-day and 5-day-old Mongolian gerbils, the arrangement of tubules in the gland was more condensed than that of 1-day-old Mongolian gerbil. The excretory ducts started to appear in the connective tissues located between lobes. 3. In 10-day-old Mongolian gerbil, small lipid vacuoles began to be found in the cytoplasm of the secretory cells of the Harderian gland. There were some mucus-secreting cells within the epithelium of the excretory duct found in the interlobar connective tissues. 4. In 30-day-old Mongolian gerbil, there was markedly increased number of the tubules in the glands. The epithelial cells of the tubules were typically columnar in shape. Most of the columnar epithelial cells contained many small lipid vacuoles, although a few cells contained large lipid vacuoles. 5. In 60-day-old Mongolian gerbil, the Harderian gland exhibited the typical structural characteristics of the adult gland. The mature glandular structures were more distinct than those of 30-day-old animals.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.609-627
• /
• 1992

The study was carried out to obtain the basic data for types, incidence and histopathological features of the spontaneous tumors of the specific pathogen free (SPF) Ktc : ICR mice bred in a barrier system in Technology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology. One hundred of the mice consisted of 50 males and 50 females were examined for 18 months. 1. The overall incidence rate of spontaneous tumors was 51(51%) of 100 heads tested. The male mice showed slightly higher incidence(28%) than the female(23%), and the incidence rate and the number of affected organs were increased with the increasing age of mice. 2. The incidence rate of primary tumor was 59(59%) of 100 heads tested, consisted of 30 cases (50.8%) of benign tumors and 29 cases(49.2%) of malignant tumors. Among the malignant tumors twenty cases were metastasized to various organs. 3. In tumor incidence rates by systems and organs, the male mice showed the high incidence rate in the liver (18%), hematopoietic system (16% ) and lung (14%), while the female mice, in the hematopoietic system(18%), lung(12%), liver(8%) and uterus(8%). 4. The tumors showing the particularly low incidence rates (<1.0%) were rhabdomyosarcoma in the skeletal muscle, malignant schwannoma in the peripheral nerve, cortical adenoma in the adrenal gland, transitional cell carcinoma in the urinary bladder, tubular cell adenoma in the kidney and adenoma in the pituitary gland and harderian gland.

• 한국동물위생학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.247-255
• /
• 1999

Sequential morphologic changes in the lymphoid organs were examined after ocular and cloacal inoculation in 3weekold chicks with a highly virulent strain (SH/92) of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The infected chickens were sacrificed at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hrs post inoculation (Pl), and thymus, harderian gland, ceacal tonsil, and spleen were observed. Histologically, the significant lesions were characterized by lymphocyte depletion and the earliest detectable changes were evident at 12 hrs Pl. In thymic cortex, lymphoid depletion with apoptosis and prominent "tingible body macrophages" were observed. As the infection advanced, the lesions showed more severe changes. Dying cells were characterized either by capping of nuclear chromatin (apoptosis) or by cytoplasmic swelling (necrosis). In situ staining for apoptosis, some lymphoid cells revealed typical positive reaction, even the stainability was variable depend on every lymphoid organs. These results suggest that IBBV (SH/92) cause severe damage both primary and secondary lymphoid organs, and both T and B lymphocytes. Also the lymphoid depletion of these organs is caused by necrosis and apoptosis induced by IBDV.d by IBDV.

• 월간 닭고기
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.124-126
• /
• 2010

양계인이라면 누구나 생독백신 접종 후에 나타나는 백신접종반응(기침 등 호흡기 증상)은 적으면서 백신접종효능(항제 형성능 및 질병방어효과)은 아주 우수한 그런 종류의 생독 백신이나 접종법을 찾게 마련이다. 국내의 경우 1일령 병아리에 대한 닭 뉴캣슬병 생독백신 접종이 의무화되어 있어 부화장에서 병아리 분양 시 분무백신기를 이용한 닭 뉴캣슬병 생독백신을 접종하게 되고, 또한 농장에서 닭 뉴캣슬병 추가백신 접종이나 닭 전염성 기관지염 백신 접종 시에도 분무접종을 실시하기도 하는 등 분무접종에 대한 경험은 누구나 가지고 있을 것이다. 그러나 음수접종법과 달리 분무접종 시 심한 백신접종반응을 경험하게 되는 양계인들도 쉽게 만나볼 수 있다. 생독백신은 음수접종법을 비롯하여 점안접종법 및 분무접종법 등 다양한 접종방법이 현재 야외농장에서 응용되고 있으며, 국내 육계사육 시에는 음수접종법과 분무접종법이 주로 사용되고 있다. 하지만 동일한 종류의 생독백신이라 할지라도 백선접종방법에 따라 백신접종 후 백신접종효능뿐만 아나라 백신접종반응에도 많은 차이를 보이게 되며 동일한 분무접종법이라 하더라도 어떠한 입자 크기의 분무기를 사용했는가에 따라서도 이러한 차이는 있다. 분무접종은 백신 바이러스가 비강，눈(harderian gland) 뿐만 아니라 상부 호흡기도에 직접적으로 작용을 하여 강력함 국소면역능을 유발하는 장점을 가지고 있으나 접종일령이나 접종 백신의 종류를 고려한 분무입자 크기의 선택이 제대로 이루어지지 않아 음수접종법에 비해 접종 부작용이 크게 나타나는 백신접종법으로 인식되어 있는 실정이다. 따라서 이번 호에서는 호흡기 질병의 예방 백신 분무접종에 대해 알아보고자 한다.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.539-549
• /
• 2004

Mean death time of inoculated embryonated egg is one of the methods to determine the virulence of the Newcastle disease viruses (NDV). Evaluation of tissue tropism of NDV in the host has been proposed as an another way to determine the pathogenicity of NDV based on the principal site of viral replication. To evaluate the tissue tropism among NDV, an immunohistochemistry(IHC) technique using monoclonal antibody was applied in one-day-old SPF chickens inoculated with different ND vaccine strains such as Ulster 2C, VG/GA and B1 viruses by eye drop instillation. The tissues used for this comparison were trachea, intestine, Harderian gland and cecal tonsil, which were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 14 days post inoculation. Among test groups, chickens inoculated with B1 viurs, which is known to replicate in the respiratory system, have IHC positive staining mainly in the trachea and those inoculated with Ulster 2C have IHC positive staining mainly in the intestine. However, chickens inoculated with VG/GA strain have IHC positive staining in both the trachea and intestine. Therefore, a differences in tissue tropism among ND vaccine strains has been proved by the IHC technique. Based on this results, the IHC staining technique could be used to classify the NDV or to study the pathogenesis of NDV in chickens.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.99-106
• /
• 2001

본 시험의 목적은 국내에서 분리된 강병원성 뉴캣슬병 바이러스를 SPF(specific pathogen free)닭에 접종을 하여 병리학적 변화와 각 조직내의 뉴캣슬병 바이러스 항원의 분포를 조사하여 국내분리 바이러스들간의 조직내 친화성을 비교함으로써 분리 바이러스간 병리학적 차이점을 규명하는 것이다. 병리학적 검사를 위하여 가능한 대부분의 조직을 채취하였으며 항원검사는 특이성을 높이기 위하여 단클론성 항체를 이용하였다. 검사결과를 요약하면 뉴캣슬병 바이러스를 접종한 모든 닭들은 접종 후 3일부터 폐사가 시작되어 접종 후 9일에 100% 폐사하였으며 대부분의 접종군은 접종후 5일에서 6일 사이에 폐사가 있었으나 8248 계군은 접종후 7일에서 9일 사이에 모두 폐사를 하여 다른 접종군과 확연히 다른 폐사양상을 보였다. 그러나, 폐사한 닭들은 접종 바이러스에 관계없이 임상증상은 비슷하였다. 일반적으로 접종 후 3일이 경과하면 급격한 활동저하와 함께 빈사상태를 보였고 일단 빈사상태까지 진행된 접종 닭은 다시 회복하지 못하였다. 병리조직학적 소견은 과거 연구자들이 강병원성 뉴캣슬병에서 흔히 관찰하였던 장, 기낭, 폐장에서의 출혈소견 들을 발견할 수 있었으며 접종한 바이러스에 따른 병리학적 변화의 차이는 뚜렷하지 않았다. 공통적인 병변으로서 대표적인 것은 면역기관인 F. bursa, 흉선, 비장에서의 탐식세포 및 단핵 세포의 괴사로서 과거의 문헌들에서 기술된 병변과 비교해 볼 때 이 면역기관에서의 괴사소견은 강병원성 뉴캣슬병의 가장 특징적인 조직학적 병변인 것으로 판단된다. 조직병변과 바이러스간의 유기적 관계를 알아보기 위해 면역화학조직검사법(Immuno histo chemistry)이 많이 이용되는데 본 실험에서도 이 방법을 사용하여 국내분리주들간의 조직친화성을 비교하여 보았다.지하였으며 폐사율은 각각 1.9%, 1.9%, 2.9%와 1.0%로써 대조군의 4.8%에 비하여 낮은 수준을 보여 질병에 대한 저항능력이 향상되었다.kg/h로 분석되었다. 6. 건조작업 중에 소요되는 전력은 9.5~19.3 Wh/kg이었으며, 연료효율 6.9~9.3kg-$H_2$O/L와 열효율 50.2~65.1%에 의한 수분증발량은 124.0~125.4 kg-$H_2$O/h 로 나타났다. 7. 건조기의 열효율을 70%를 기준으로 평가한다면, 시작기의 열효율은 조금 낮은 수준이며, 열관리 계통의 개선을 필요로 하였다. 8. 제작된 계분건조기의 시작기를 15,000수 규모의 양계농장에서 사용한다면 관행의 계분처리 방법에 비하여 약 590,700(원/월)의 비용을 절감할 수 있을 것으로 추정되었다.