• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2018.06a
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• pp.43.1-43.1
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• 2018

Spatial distribution of binding state in depth direction is investigated in a hard skin layer on soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fabricated by Ar ion beam irradiations. The hard skin layer known as a silica-like homogenous layer was composed of two layers. Impinging Ar ions transfer energy to PDMS as a function of collisional energy transfer rate, which is the maximum at surface and decreases gradually as an ion penetrates. This formed the heterogeneous hard skin layer that consists of a top-most layer and an intermediate layer. XPS depth profiling showed the existence of the top-most layer and intermediate layer. In the top-most layer, scission and cross-linking were occurred simultaneously and Si-O bond showed dissociated status, SiOx (x = 1.25 - 1.5). Under the top-most layer, there was the intermediate layer in which cross-linking is mainly occurred and Si-O bond showed silica-like binding status, SiOx (x = 1.75 - 2). And theoretical analysis which calculates the collisional energy transfer and a displacement per atom explained the thickness variation of top-most layer according to Ar ion energy from 360 eV to 840 eV.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.270-276
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• 2000

Hard turning has the potential to replace grinding process and to achieve significant reduction in production time and cost. The main applications for hard turning is finishing process, namely grinding process. Therefore, it must be able to satisfy high surface integrity of the workpiece. This paper discusses surface quality in terms of residual stress and damaged layer with respect to cutting parameters in an intermittent hard turning. Damaged layer experiment is carried out orthogonal array. From that is based on the orthogonal array. From the response table, cutting parameters are analyzed from the view point of the damaged layer and residual stress. From this experimental results, even though in the intermittent hard turning, surface integrity turns out be good enough for replacing grinding process.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.1993-1998
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• 2011

Semiconductor industry needs to have fine patterns in order to fabricate the high density integrated circuit. For nano-scale patterns, hard-mask is used to multi-layer structure which is formed by CVD (chemical vaporized deposition) process. In this work, we prepared single-layer hard-mask by using organic-inorganic hybrid polymer for spin-on process. The inorganic part of hard-mask was much easier etching than photo resist layer. Beside, the organic part of hard-mask was much harder etching than substrate layer. We characterized the optical and morphological properties to the hard mask films using organic-inorganic hybrid polymer, and then etch rate of photo resist layer and hard-mask film were compared. The hybrid polymer prepared from organic and inorganic materials was found to be useful hard-mask film to form the nano-patterns.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.324-332
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the stress distribution of teeth and jaw on load by differentiating property of materials according to each layer of widely used mouthguard. Materials and methods: A Korean adult having normal cranium and mandible was selected to examine. A customized mouthguard was constructed by use of DRUFOMAT plate and DRUFOMAT-TE/-SQ of Dreve Co. according to Signature Mouthguard system. The cranium was scanned by means of computed tomography with 1mm interval. It was modeled with CANTIBio BIONIX/Body Builder program and simulated and interpreted using Alter HyperMesh program. The mouthguard was classified as follows according to the layers. (1) soft guard (Bioplast)(SG) (2) hard guard (Duran)(HG) (3) medium guard (Drufomat)(MG) (4) soft layer + hard layer (SG + HG) (5) hard layer + soft layer (HG + SG) (6) soft layer + hard layer + soft layer (SG + HG + SG) (7) hard layer + soft layer + hard layer (HG + SG + HG) The impact locations on mandible were gnathion, the center of inferior border, and the anterior edge of gonial angle. And the impact directions were oblique ($45^{\circ}$). The impact load was 800 N for 0.1 sec. The stress distribution was measured at maxillary teeth, TMJ and maxilla. The statistics were conducted using Repeated ANOVA and in case of difference, Duncan test was used as post analysis. Results: In teeth and maxilla, the mouthguard contacting soft layer of mandibular teeth presented lowest stress measure and, in contrast, in condyle, the mouthguard contacting hard layer of mandibular teeth presented lowest stress measure. Conclusion: For all impact directions, soft layer + hard layer + soft layer, the mouthguard with three layers which the hard layer is sandwiched between two soft layers, showed relatively even distribution of stress in impact.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.173-177
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• 2011

Decomposition promoting factors and decomposition mechanism in the zinc decomposition process of waste hard metals which are composed mostly of tungsten carbide and cobalt were evaluated. Zinc volatility amount was suppressed and zinc valatilization pressure was produced in the reaction graphite crucible inside an electric furnace for ZDP. Reaction was done for 2 h at $650^{\circ}C$, which 100 % decomposed the waste hard metals that were over 30 mm thick. As for the separation-decomposition of waste hard metals, zinc melted alloy formed a liquid composed of a mixture of ${\gamma}-{\beta}1$ phase from the cobalt binder layer (reaction interface). The volume of reacted zone was expanded and the waste hard metal layer was decomposed-separated horizontally from the hard metal. Zinc used in the ZDP process was almost completely removed-collected by decantation and volatilization-collection process at $1000^{\circ}C$.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.24 no.4 s.175
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• pp.946-954
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• 2000

The purposes of the paper are to calculate stresses and strains of the disk with overcoating layer rotating quickly under normal loading and shear loading by contacting with head and to present material properties preventing the delamination between the disk and overcoating layer. The hard disk is modeled as two-layered disk composed with overcoating layer and the rest layers and the loading onto the disk is assumed axisymmetric. Solutions to equilibrium equations and compatibility equations are derived with the form of polynimial and Bessel function and coefficients satisfying boundary conditions are obtained differently for the case of body force, normal force and shear force. The risk of delamination are investigated for us to calculate the differences of strains at the interface between the disk and overcoating layer and the material properties preventing delamination are presented by calculating the differences of strains according to Young's modulus and density of disk.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2016.11a
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• pp.105-105
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• 2016

Recently, high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) has attracted considerable attentions due to its high potential for industrial applications. By pulsing the sputtering target with high power density and short duration pulses, a high plasma density and high ionization of the sputtered species can be obtained. HIPIMS has exhibited several merits such as increased coating density, good adhesion, microparticle-free and smooth surface, which make the HIPIMS technique desirable for synthesizing hard coatings. However, hard coatings present intrinsic defects (columnar structures, pinholes, pores, discontinuities) which can affect the corrosion behavior, especially when substrates are active alloys like steel or in a wear-corrosion process. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), a CVD derived method with a broad spectrum of applications, has shown great potential for corrosion protection of high-precision metallic parts or systems. In ALD deposition, the growth proceeds through cyclic repetition of self-limiting surface reactions, which leads to the thin films possess high quality, low defect density, uniformity, low-temperature processing and exquisite thickness control. These merits make ALD an ideal candidate for the fabrication of excellent oxide barrier layer which can block the pinhole and other defects left in the coating structure to improve the corrosion protection of hard coatings. In this work, CrN/Al2O3/CrN multilayered coatings were synthesized by a hybrid process of HIPIMS and ALD techniques, aiming to improve the CrN hard coating properties. The influence of the Al2O3 interlayer addition, the thickness and intercalation position of the Al2O3 layer in the coatings on the microstructure, surface roughness, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviors were investigated. The results indicated that the dense Al2O3 interlayer addition by ALD lead to a significant decrease of the average grain size and surface roughness and greatly improved the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the CrN coatings. The thickness increase of the Al2O3 layer and intercalation position change to near the coating surface resulted in improved mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The mechanism can be explained by that the dense Al2O3 interlayer acted as an excellent barrier for dislocation motion and diffusion of the corrosive substance.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.66-74
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• 1996

In this study, friction and wear properties of flame sprayed specimens and hard Cr plating specimens were tested, and their properties were compared each other in dry and lubrication condition. Ni-Cr powder and steel powder were used as the spray powder and sprayed on the steel(S45C) substrate by flame sprayed method. Each wear surface was observed with SEM after friction and wear test. The friction coefficient of the as-forged steel specimens was the highest among surface treatment specimens, and the other specimens appeared in order as follows ; hard Cr-plating specimens, Ni-Cr powder sprayed specimens, steel powder sprayed specimens. Comparing the wear volumes in dry condition, as forged steel specimens appeared the greatest wear volume, and the other specimens appeared wear volume in order as follows ; Ni-Cr powder sprayed specimens, steel powder sprayed specimens, hard Cr plating specimens. In friction and wear test, the hard Cr plating specimens were worn by the abrasive phenomenon, involving the cracks. The wear volume of steel powder sprayed specimens was lower than that of Ni-Cr powder sprayed specimens. Comparing the tensile strength of both sprayed coating layers, the steel powder sprayed coating layer was better than Ni-Cr powder sprayed coating layer.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.94-101
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• 2007

In the Hard Disk Drive(HDD) production, the detect pattern or defective HDD set is important information to diagnosis of defective HDD set. This paper proposes a pattern recognition neural network for the defect distribution of HDD. In this paper, 5 characteristics are determined for the classification to six standard defect pattern classes. A multi-layer perceptron is trained for the pattern classification the inputs of which are 5 characteristic values and the 6 outputs are the nodes of standard patterns. The experiment with proposed neural network shows satisfactory results.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.145-157
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• 2023

This paper aims at investigating the face stability of large-diameter underwater shield tunnels considering seepage in soft-hard uneven strata. Using the kinematic approach of limit upper-bound analysis, the analytical solution of limit supporting pressure on the tunnel face considering seepage was obtained based on a logarithmic spiral collapsed body in uneven strata. The stability analysis method of the excavation face with different soft- and hard-stratum ratios was explored and validated. Moreover, the effects of water level and burial depth on tunnel face stability were discussed. The results show the effect of seepage on the excavation face stability can be accounted as the seepage force on the excavation face and the seepage force of pore water in instability body. When the thickness ratio of hard soil layer within the excavation face exceeds 1/6D, the interface of the soft and hard soil layer can be placed at tunnel axis during stability analysis. The reliability of the analytical solution of the limit supporting pressure is validated by numerical method and literature methods. The increase of water level causes the instability of upper soft soil layer firstly due to the higher seepage force. With the rise of burial depth, the horizontal displacement of the upper soft soil decreases and the limit supporting pressure changes little because of soil arching effect.