• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.181-187
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• 2013

In order to investigate environmental stress inducible genes in abalone, we analyzed differentially expressed transcripts from a Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, after exposure to heat-, cold- or hyposalinity-shock by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method. 1,074 unique sequences from SSH libraries were composed to 115 clusters and 986 singletons, the overall redundancy of the library was 16.3%. From the BLAST search, of the 1,316 ESTs, 998 ESTs (75.8%) were identified as known genes, but 318 clones (24.2%) did not match to any previously described genes. From the comparison results of ESTs pattern of three SSH cDNA libraries, the most abundant EST was different in each SSH library: small heat shock protein p26 (sHSP26) in heat-shock, trypsinogen 2 in cold-shock, and actin in hyposalinity SSH cDNA library. Based on sequence similarities, several response-to-stress genes such as heat shock proteins (HSPs) were identified commonly from the abalone SSH libraries. HSP70 gene was induced by environmental stress regardless of temperature-shock or salinity-stress, while the increase of sHSP26 mRNA expression was not detected in cold-shock but in heat-shock condition. These results suggest that the suppression subtractive hybridization method is an efficient way to isolate differentially expressed gene from the invertebrate environmental stress-response transcriptome.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.615-625
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• 2023

This study evaluated the bacteriological safety of seawater and abalone produced in Uisin-myeon, Jindo-gun from September 2020 to December 2022 and calculated the effect of inland pollution sources on seawater and abalone. We surveyed 33 stations for seawater, 4 stations for abalone, and 7 stations for discharge water of major inland pollutants. We analyzed the coliform group, fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) as bacteria indicators. In 924 seawater samples, the geometric mean of the coliform group and fecal coliform were <1.8-5.6 MPN/100 mL and <1.8-2.7 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The estimated 90^th percentile range for the coliform group and fecal coliform were <1.8-42 MPN/100 mL and <1.8-8.4 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The fecal coliform and E. coli levels for 107 abalone were <18-460 MPN/100 g and <18-78 MPN/100 g respectively. Moreover, the analyzed standard plate count was <30-7,700 CFU/g. The fecal coliform level and diffusion area in 7 inland pollutants were <1.8-3,300,000 MPN/100 mL and 2-2,500 m, respectively. The bacteriological safety of seawater and abalone in Uisin-myeon, Jindo-gun, was demonstrated to be a designated area according to Korean standards, a conditionally approved area per US standards, and Class A according to EU standards.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.379-386
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• 2024

Basophils and mast cells are specialized effector cells in allergic reactions. Haliotis discus hannai (abalone), is valuable seafood. Abalone male viscera, which has a brownish color and has not been previously reported to show anti-allergic activities, was extracted with acetone. Six different acetone/hexane fractions (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 100%) were obtained using a silica column via β-hexosaminidase release inhibitory activity-guided selection in phorbol myristate acetate and a calcium ionophore, A23187 (PMACI)-induced human basophils, KU812F cells. The 40% acetone/hexane fraction (A40) exhibited the strongest inhibition of PMACI-induced-β-hexosaminidase release. This fraction dose-dependently inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and calcium mobilization without cytotoxicity. Western blot analysis revealed that A40 down-regulated PMACI-induced MAPK (ERK 1/2, p-38, and JNK) phosphorylation, and the NF-κB translocation from the cytosol to membrane. Moreover, A40 inhibited PMACI-induced interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 production. Anti-allergic activities of A40 were confirmed based on inhibitory effects on IL-4 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production in compound (com) 48/80-induced rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells. A40 inhibited β-hexosaminidase release and cytokine production such as IL-4 and TNF-α produced by com 48/80-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Furthermore, it's fraction attenuated the IgE/DNP-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in the ears of BALB/c mice. Our results suggest that abalone contains the active fraction, A40 is a potent therapeutic and functional material to treat allergic diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2014

The effect of different feeding rate on the growth and survival rate of the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, were investigated in marine net cage culture and indoor tank culture. Feeding rate is determined that was fed 5, 10, 15 and 20 percentage to abalone at body weight once daily : 5 daily feeding rate (DFR), 10DFR, 15DFR and 20DFR. After that, it was conducted to reared during thirteen month with two replicates in net-cage culture and indoor tank culture. In the growth performance of reared abalone (initial mean shell length $54.18{\pm}7.39mm$) in net cage culture, that the absolute growth rate (ARG), daily growth rate (DGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) to the shell length and shell breadth, as well as weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG) and specific weight gain (SWG) to body weight of 20DFR were lower than those of different groups (P < 0.05). Also, survival rates of 20DFR was lower than those of different groups (P < 0.05). In the growth performance of reared abalone (initial mean shell length $49.70{\pm}2.28mm$) in indoor tank culture, that the ARG, DGR and SGR to the shell length and shell breadth, as well as WG, DWG and SWG to body weight of 5DFR and 10DFR were lower than those of different groups (P < 0.05). And also, survival rates of 20DFR was lower than those of different groups (P < 0.05). Therefore, these results is showed that the daily feeding rate for natural feed in net-cage culture and indoor tank culture should be to supply among 5-10 percents, taking into account growth, survival rate and economical efficiency.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.235-242
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• 2014

This study was conduct to investigate the effect of Intermediate culture types on the growth and survival rate of the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, in net cage and indoor tank. Intermediate cultures were to determine there that was to setting at marine net cage culture (NCC) in net cage, floor culture (FC), net floor culture (NFC), double shelter culture (DSC) and indoor net cage culture (INCC) in indoor tank, in two replicate. In the growth performance of juvenile abalone reared through intermediate culture, that the absolute growth rate ($AGR_{SL}$, $AGR_{SB}$), daily growth rate ($DGR_{SL}$, $DGR_{SB}$), and specific growth rate ($SGR_{SL}$, $SGR_{SB}$) to the shell length $(_{SL})$ and shell breadth $(_{SB})$ of NCC were higher than those of different groups (P < 0.05). As weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG) and specific weight gain (SWG) to body weight through intermediate culture types in indoor tank was not significant. Also that, survival rate among experimental groups of intermediate culture in indoor tank was not significant. Therefore, these results is showed that should to cultivate for net cage so that intermediate culture of juvenile abalone over 2 cm, accordingly research to effective progress of juvenile abalone intermediate culture in indoor tank be should from various reason as well as feed and rearing condition.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.281-288
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• 1997

We investigated the optimal concentratin of ethyl-p-aminobenzoate for the exfoliation and recovery of young abalone, Haliotis discus hannai in according to different water temperatures, for the purpose of preventing the damage of shell and muscle to ecfoliated from shelter. In the 14$^{\circ}C$ water temperature, young abalones were exfoliated after 16, 35, 35 and 35 minutes in 150, 100, 75 and 50ppm concentration of ethyl-p-aminobenzoate, and were recovered after 100, 60, 30 and 30 minutes, respectively. Exfoliation rate of abalone were 100% except for 50 ppm (80%) and recovery rate were 100% of all concentration. In the $18^{\circ}C$ water temperature, young abalones were exfoliated after 4, 4, 6, 8, 8 and 12 munutes in 300, 200, 150, 100, 75 and 50ppm concentration of ethyl-p-aminobenzoate, and were recovered after 210, 180, 90, 60, 30, 20 and 20 minutes, respectively. Exfoliation rate of abalone were 100%, and recovery rate were 100% except for 200 and 300ppm (90%). In the $24^{\circ}C$ water temperature, young abalones were exfoliated after 8, 10, 10 and 12 minutes in 150, 100, 75 and 50ppm concentration of ethyl-p-aminobenzoate, and were recovered after 70, 50, 30 and 20 minutes, respectively. Exfoliation and recovery rate of abalone were 100%. In the 18$^{\circ}C$water temperature, exfoliation rate that treated with freshwater during 20 minute were 80, 50, 30 and 5% in 100, 75, 50 and 25% of fresh water, and recovery after 60, 15, 10 and 2 minutes, respectively and recovery arate were 100% except of r 100% freshwater. In this study, we suggest the reslults that the exfoliation and recovery by ethly-p-aminobenzoate were more effected in $18^{\circ}C\;and\;24^{\circ}C$ of sea water temperature than those of $14^{\circ}C$. The optimal concentration of ethyl-p-aminobenzoate was 50ppm at those water temperature. We raised 20 individual of young abalones at water temperature of $16^{\circ}C$ in the 1$\ell$ o ftnk and checked the variatin of dissolved oxygen (DO) by respiration of abalones that treated with 75ppm of ethyl-p-aminobenzoate. Before anesthetizion, DO were 6.17~6.20mg/$\ell$ and slowly decreased. But after 60 minutes, DO decreasing were stopped in 5.42~5.46mg/$\ell$. On the other hand, the control was continuously decreased and 5.27mg/$\ell$ after 60 minutes. The heartbeats of abalones were 33~45/minute in the water temperature of $18^{\circ}C$, but that treated with 100 ppm concentration of ethyl-p-aminobenzoate during 60 minutes, was 0/minute. And heartbeats of recovered abalones from anesthetizion were 29~43/minute.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.496-504
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• 1997

This study was carried out to estimate toxic effects of phenol on survival and metabolism of the abalone juvenile, Haliotis discus hannai. The experiment was conducted by renewal bioassay procedure with different salinities at $20^{\circ}C$. The $LC_{50}$ of the juvenile exposed to phenol in the range of 0.5 and $100mg/\ell\;was\;34.3\~6.5mg/\ell\;at\;2.4\%_{\circ}\;and\;52.2\~9.3m/\ell\;at\;32\%_{\circ}$ salinity with exposure time from 24 hours to 96 hours. $LT_{50}$ was remarkablely reduced with increase of phenol conentration and decrease of salinity. Lethal toxicity or phenol was higher at low salinity than at high salinity. Therefore, salinity is likely to be one of factor to increase phenol toxicity. The oxygen consumption of the juvenile was reduced with increase of phenol concentration and with decrease of salinity. In spite of phenol toxicity, the oxygen consumption of the juvenile exposed to phenol of low concentration was high and similar as compared with that of control group. Survival rates of the abalone kept in phenol-free sea water after exposure to phenol concentration of 5, 10 and $20mg/\ell$ for 96 hours were reduced with decrease of salinity. Durations required to recover the normal metabolic rate of the juvenile, which was exposed to phenol concentration of 5, 10 and $20mg/\ell$ for 96 hours, were made longer with increasing phenol concentration. In the case of the juvenile exposed to sublethal concentration of phenol for 15 days, it were elongated as compared with that of the abalone exposed to phenol concentration caused acute toxicity. The result of this experiment indicated that relatively low concentration of phenol can impact on the abalone juvenile in marine ecosystem.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2015

This study was conduct to investigate the effect of intermediate culture types on the growth and survival rate of the juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus hannai fed seaweed and artificial diet. Intermediate cultures were to determine there that was to fed seaweed (SW) of artificial diet (A) of floor culture (FC), net floor culture (NFC), double shelter culture (DSC) and indoor net cage culture (INCC) in land-based tank, in two replicate. In the growth performance of juvenile abalone reared through intermediate culture to fed SW of A, that the absolute growth rate ($AGR_{SL}$, $AGR_{SB}$), daily growth rate ($DGR_{SL}$, $DGR_{SB}$), and specific growth rate ($SGR_{SL}$, $SGR_{SB}$) to the shell length (SL) and shell breadth (SB) of experimental groups were not significant. As weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG) and specific weight gain (SWG) to body weight through intermediate culture types in land-based tank was not significant. However, as to survival rate to experimental groups, A-FC was higher than those of different groups (P < 0.05). Therefore, these results is showed that was not difference to growth of juvenile abalone over 2 cm fed seaweed diet and artificial diet according to intermediate culture types. But floor culture with artificial diet indicate that was highest to survival rate, therefore, it is beneficial for higher productivity in floor culture with artificial diet among intermediate culture types.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.101-106
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• 2006

The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was examined in four abalone species to estimate its utility as a genetic marker using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The utility was evaluated in terms of genetic divergence and relationships among Haliotis discus hannai, H. rufescens, H. rubra, and H. midae in both hemispheres of the world. There was clear genetic divergence in the mtDNA COI region between all pairs of the four species. Moreover, relationships among the abalone species were reflected in their geographical distributions and morphological characteristics. Therefore, RFLP analysis of the mtDNA COI region is a suitable genetic marker for the estimation of genetic divergence and relationships among abalone species. However, it is not effective for the evaluation of genetic differences within abalone species.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.353-361
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• 2014

In order to investigate the effects of copper alloy on abalone physiology, we studied survival rate, respiration, excretion rate, and heavy metal accumulation in each organ of adults and spats. The survival rate of spats and adults showed 27-60% and 63-83% respectively, higher survival rate in adults. In particular, 100% of copper panel led to lowest survival rate and there was no sharp distinction according to copper alloy composition. The respiration rate and excretion rate of ammonia nitrogen was $1.81mgO_2/g$ D.W./h and 0.43 mg $NH_4-N/g$ D.W./h respectively at 100% of copper panel. In other words, there was a high significant difference at the level, but no significant difference at other test levels (P < 0.05). The atomic ratio (0: N) hit the lowest at the 100% of copper panel showing 3.79 and no significant differences were seen among other test groups with 6.57-7.18 of a very low range. This means that the species might have undergone nutritional stress. In case of copper accumulation, the 100% copper panel group showed the highest level in hepatopancreas and muscle showing 6.91 mg/kg and 1.60 mg/kg respectively but the rest of groups showed similar levels. Zinc accumulation raised at Cu-Zn alloy panel had high significance showing 18.50 mg/kg and 1.10 mg/kg in hepatopancreas and muscle respectively (P < 0.05). To sum up, a cage net made of 100% pure copper is expected to have a negative effect on abalone in light of survival rate, heavy metal accumulation, and atomic ratio (0: N). Moreover, given that the substratum used for the high adhesive species and nutritious stress that is represented through the atomic ratio need to be considered, the copper alloy net is thought not to be suitable for abalone aquaculture.