• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 2011

Codonopsis lanceolata (Campanulaceae) has been used in traditional medicines, as its roots contain several kinds of triterpenoid saponin with high medicinal values. In this work, we induced transgenic hairy roots of C. lanceolata and analyzed triterpenoid saponins from the hairy roots and hairy root-derived transgenic plants. Hairy roots were obtained from leaf explants by the transformation of Agrobacterium rhizogenes R1000. Transgenic hairy root lines were confirmed by the transcriptional activities of rolA, B, C, and D genes by RT-PCR. Transgenic root lines actively proliferated on hormone-free medium but not in nontransformed roots. Hairy roots contained richer triterpenoids (lancemaside A, foetidissimoside A, and aster saponin Hb) than nontransformed roots. Transgenic plants were regenerated from the hairy roots via somatic embryogenesis. They showed phenotypic alterations such as shortened shoots and an increased number of axillary buds and adventitious roots. The transgenic plants also contained higher triterpenoid levels than wild-type plants. These results suggest that hairy roots and transgenic plants of C. lanceolata could be used as medicinal materials for the production of triterpene saponins.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.485-489
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• 2000

The patterns and contents of ginsenosides were examined in normal root parts and hairy root lines of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Ginsenoside-Rb$_1$, -Rb$_2$, -Rc, -Rd, -Re, -Rf, -Rg$_1$, -Rg$_2$ were detected in normal roots and hairy roots of ginseng. The patterns and contents of ginsenosides in that were very difference each other. The contents of total ginsenoside of hairy root (KGHR-1) was 17.42 mg/g dry wt, it's highest compared to others. Ginsenoside contents of hairy root (KGHR-1) was higher on ginsenoside-Rd, Rg$_1$, KGHR-5 was higher on ginsenoside-Rb$_1$, Rg$_1$, and KGHR-8 was higher on ginsenoside-Rd, Re than others. The contents of total ginsenosides on 6 years old ginseng cultured in the field were high in the order of main root, lateral root and fine roots, and content of ginsenosides in fine roots was 3.2 times higher than that in main root. The ratio of ginsenoside-Rg$_1$to total ginsenosides were about 3.43%, 8.68% and 14.18% respectively on fine root, lateral root and main root, it's very lower than that in hairy roots. It is suggested that specific ginsenosides can be produce in cultures of ginseng hairy roots.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 1986

Inoculation of carrot discs with Agrobacterium rhizogenes harboring Ri plasmid resulted in transformation of cells, as revealed by the tumors and hairy roots arising from them. Measurements of IAA content using HPLC indicate that it is higher in tumors and inoculated tissues than in uninoculated tissue. A lot of meristemoids and vessel elements formed I tumor tissue and the hairy roots differentiated from meristemoids. IAA content in tumor tissues is decreased with hairy root and vessel elements formation from them. Formation of wound callus in uninoculated tissues resulted on wound healing but no formation of vessel elements and hairy roots. Tumor tissues show continuous growing on hormone free medium.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.525-530
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• 2002

The optimum culture conditions for tropane alkaloid production in hairy root cultures of Korea native Scopolia paviflora Nak. were investigated. Hairy root was induced from the rhizome of the mother plant on B5 medium containing 1.0 mg/L IBA. Among the culture media examined, 1/2 B5 medium was the best for tropane alkaloid production, whereas the growth of hairy root increased in SH medium. The best result on the growth of hairy root was obtained in 1.0 mg/L NAA, and tropane alkaloid production was obtained in plant growth regulator-free medium. Of the carbone sources tested, 3% sucrose promoted the growth of hairy root, whereas 5% sucrose increased tropane alkaloid production. Optimum inoculum densities for root growth and tropane alkaloid production were 0.5 g and 1 g, respectively. The addition of XAD resins (1 % w/v) to hairy root cultures led to increases in tropans alkaloid production, and the release of alkaloid into the medium and its adsorption by the resin accounted for about 50 to 80％ of total production. It is concluded that optimized culture conditions and the addition of XAD resins could be used in the development of a bioprocess for tropane alkaloid production in hairy root cultures of S. paviflora Nak.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.237-242
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• 1994

Hairy root culture of Daucus carota was investigated for anthocyanin production in a fluidized-bed bioreactor. The growth of hairy roots in this bioreactor increased 2.5 fold while anthocyanin production was lower. However, the anthocyanin production of hairy roots in a fluidized-bed bioreactor was enhanced 2.3 fold in response to the treatment of the fungal elicitor.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2002.11b
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• pp.23-23
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• 2002

We established hairy root cultures of F. esculentum transformed with A. rhizogenes for in vitro rutin production. Additionally, we describe the effects of different media and plant growth regulators on growth and rutin biosynthesis in buckwheat hairy root cultures. Excised leaves of P. tinctorium from 10-day-old seedlings were used as the explant material for co-cultivation with A. rhizogenes 15834. The hairy culture of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. was established by infecting leaf explants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes 15834. About four to five weeks after co-cultivation with A. rhizogenes, 10 hairy roots were excised from the necrotic explant tissues. After repeated transfer to fresh medium for three months, ten clones were transferred to MS liquid culture medium. The growth and rutin production of each clone differently response to the MS liquid medium. Among these clones, H8, which had exhibited good growth rate and one of the highest rutin productivity, was selected for the following experimment.(중략)

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1999

The experiments were carried out to determine the optimum conditions for the induction of hairy roots in ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) by Agrobacterium spp. We were examined the antibiotics resistance of Agrobacterium spp and various ginseng parts, and the media for induction of hairy roots. The optimum concentration of NaOCl for sterilization of ginseng root segments without tissue damage with reduce of contamination was 7% NaOCl for 15-20 min and 9% NaOCl for 5 min, respectively. The more ginseng ages, the more contamination of ginseng root segment by sterilized in 7% NaOCl for 20 min, and especially in ginseng root segments with epidermis in six-year old roots. The growth of Agrobacterium spp were inhibited, but ginseng root segments was death in 30mg/L tetracycline. In 500mg/L cefotaxime or 500mg/L carbenicillin, the growth of Agrobacterium sup were inhibited, and root segments was grown normally. The optimum conditions for induction of hairy roots were using the root segments of three-year old ginseng cultured in 1/2MS medium supplemented with 500mg/L cefotaxime, and inoculation of Agrobacterium to root segments were better co-culture than smear method. After 2 weeks co-culture, the callus induced in cambium of root segments cultured in 1/2MS solid medium with 500mg/L cefotaxime. And then after 2 weeks, ginseng hairy roots were induced in callus of root segments. PCR analysis of rot C gene fragment confirmed that hairy roots were transgenic tissues.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 2001

It was reported that Red ginseng contains specific ginsenoside-Rg$_2$,-Rg$_3$,-Rh$_1$and -Rh$_2$, which show various pharmacological effects. However, production of these specific ginsenosides from Red ginseng is not commercially applicable because of high cost of the raw material, roots. This work was carried out to examine the production of Red ginseng specific ginsenosides from Agrobacterium-transformed hairy roots. Hairy roots were induced from 3 year-old root segment of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) after infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4. Among many lines of hairybroots, KGHR-8A was selected. Steam heat treatment of hairy roots was resulted in the changes of ginsenoside composition. Eleven ginsenosides were detected in heat-treated hairy roots but eight in freeze dried hairy roots. In heat treated hairy root, content of ginsenoside-Rb$_1$,Rb$_2$,Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, and Rg$_1$were decreased compared to those of freeze dried hairy roots. However, heat treatment strongly enhanced the amount of Red ginseng specific ginsenogides (ginsenoside-Rg$_2$,-Rg$_3$,-Rh$_1$and -Rh$_2$). Amounts of ginsenoside-Rg$_3$,-Rh$_1$and -Rh$_2$ in heat-treated hairy roots were 2.58, 3.62 and 1.08 mg/g dry wt, respectively, but these were detected as trace amount in hairy roots without heat treatment. Optimum condition of heat treatment for the production of Red ginseng specific ginsenoside was 2 h at 105$^{\circ}C$. This result represents that Red ginseng specific ginsenoside can be producted from hairy roots by steam heat treatment.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 2006

A transformed hairy root clone of Scutellaria baicalensis was established following infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834. Three root clones of S baicalensis were selected by growth habit and baicalin content. The most active strain-the SR-03 clone-was examined for its growth and baicalin content under various culture conditions. The root growth and baicalin content were maximized in a Schenk and Hildebrandt medium supplemented with 4 and 6% sucrose, respectively. The accumulation of baicalin in transformed hairy roots was enhanced through exposure to various elicitors. Elicitation was attained by the addition of methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and various concentrations of fungal cell wall elicitors to the medium. The accumulation of baicalin in the elicited cultures ranged from 10.5 to 18.3 mg/g dry weight of the roots, which was 1.5- to 3-fold the amount attained in controls.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.395-400
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• 1994

In order to improve anthocyanin production, effects of fungal elicitation in hairy root culture were investigated. fungal elicitor prepared from Fusarium moniliforme was the best in enhancement of anthocyanin production among the eight fungal elicitors tested. The optimum treat-ment time and concentration of treated elicitor for anthocyanin production were 12 hours and 3.28 mg carbohydrates per liter medium. Also, fungal elicitor was treated to hairy root culture in flat-bottomed fluidized-bed bioreactor. The anthocyanin production of elicited culture was enhanced 227% than non-treated.