• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.229-237
• /
• 2001

In order to identify of volatile flavor compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in commercial liquid smokes, this study was conducted to analyze volatile flavor compounds by solvent extraction and/or Purge & Trap method/GC/MSD. A total of 156 volatile flavor compounds were detected in 6 commercial liquid smokes, and these compounds were composed mainly of 12 aldehydes, 60 ketones, 7 alcohols, 14 acids, 20 esters, 24 aromatic compounds, 7 furans and 12 miscellaneous compounds. Ketones $(806.6-7,573.9\mu g/mL)$ and aromatic compounds $(282.6-7,896.3 \mu g/mL)$ were more abundant than others. The PAHs known as carcinogen have not been detected in this study. The acids $(422.9-4,903.1\mu g/mL)$ was identified in relatively high concentration compared to other groups. Phenol and its derivatives among aromatic compounds were in relatively high concentration. Especially, the phenol and its derivatives including o-cresol, guaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol and syringol were in higher concentration.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2005.06a
• /
• pp.467-470
• /
• 2005

지구온난화 현상과 화석연료의 고갈에 대한 두려움 때문에 재생에너지에 대한 관심이 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 대체에너지, 합성가스, 화학 원료, 오일 등으로 전환할 수 있는 바이오매스 활용에 대한 연구도 활발히 진행되고 있다. 바이오매스의 열화학적 전환 공정에는 열분해, 연소, 가스화 등이 이용되고 있다. 특히 열분해는 syringol, levoglucosan, guaiacol등의 고부가가치 물질들을 생산하기에 적합한 기술로 인정받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내에서 쉽게 구할 수 있는 톱밥, 폐목재 등의 바이오매스의 열화학적 전환 특성을 분석하였다. 사용된 바이오매스의 열분해 특성은 열중량 분석기 및 열천칭 반응기를 통해 분석하였으며 이를 통해 유동충 반응기(지름 0.2m, 높이 2m)를 설계 및 제작하였다. 반응온도 및 산소 농도가 증가할수록 levoglucosan 등의 고부가가치 물질들의 수율이 낮아지며 페놀류가 급격히 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 회재 성분이 높은 왕겨의 바이오오일 수율은 톱밥보다 $30\%$이상 낮게 나타났다

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.76-85
• /
• 2009

This study determined the effect of refrigerated and thermal storage on the volatile profile of commercial aseptic soymilk. Volatile components in commercial aseptic soymilk stored either under refrigerated ($4^{\circ}C$) or thermal ($55^{\circ}C$) conditions for 30 days were periodically analyzed by combined solvent-assisted flavor evaporation-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SAFE-GC-MS). The concentrations of most of the volatile components, including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds, alkylfurans, furan derivatives and phenolic compounds, were affected to a greater extent by thermal storage compared with refrigerated storage. Profound increases in some volatile compounds with low odor detection thresholds, such as hexanal, octanal, (E)-2-octenal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine, 2-pentylfuran, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone, dimethyl trisulfide, guaiacol, 4-vinylguaiacol and 4-vinylphenol, were observed in thermal stored soymilk. The volatile profile changes caused by thermal storage may influence the aroma quality of thermal-stored aseptic soymilk.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.128-136
• /
• 1981

In order to investigate early identification of species of the wood-decaying fungi in the the mycelial stage, the authors isolated of 41 species, 28 genus, 9 family at 8 locations in Korea and cultivated these isolates on the various kinds of solid media. After investigating such cultural characteristics as oxidase reactions with tannic and gallic acid, various morphological features of colony and growth grade, appeared on the various media, the authors obtained the following results : 1. The oxidase reactions with tannic and gallic acid in the PDTA, DTA, PDGA and DGA media are available for identificantion of the wood-decaying fungi. 2. The oxidase reactions with guaiacol, pyrogallol and hydroquinone in the PDGUA, PDPA and PDHA media are not so much available for identification of the wood-decaying fungi. 3. Morphological features of colonies such as mycelium color, floccose, floccose-powdery, mycelloid, powdery-mycelloid, velvet, radiate, contoured, rosulate and growth grade on the PDA, PSA and PXA media are useful for identification of wood-decaying fungi. 4. It is believed that early identification in species level of wood-decaying fungi using cultural characteristics in the mycelial stage is possible. 5. The key for the identification of 41 species of wood-decaying fungi is proposed by the cultural characteristics using several solid media.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.149-156
• /
• 2009

Application of exogenous polyamines (PAs) reduced the paraquat (PQ)-induced cotyledon injuries in radish seedling plants with 1 mM spermidine (Spd) being the most effective protectant. PQ injury symptoms in the cotyledons, e.g., large accumulation of $H_2O_2$, and losses of fresh weight, chlorophyll, and proteins, were significantly alleviated. Likewise, analysis of $H_2O_2$-scavenging enzymes such as catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) showed that pretreatment with Spd among PAs remarkably increased total CAT activity and strongly retarded PQ-induced rapid decline in total GPX activity. In a native gel assay, one CAT isozyme (CAT1) and two GPX isozymes (GPX1 and a newly synthesized GPX isozyme) proved to be more responsible for PQ tolerance, as manifested by the strong increases in their activities by Spd pretreatment. Based on these results, we can suggest that PAs (especially 1 mM Spd) may function as antioxidant protectors by invoking CAT and GPX enzymes which control the endogenous $H_2O_2$ level in radish cotyledons exposed to PQ.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.371-377
• /
• 2002

Leaves of two-week old seedlings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were treated with various concentrations (0, 0.2 and 0.4 $\mu$g/1) of 2,4,5-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB-29) and subsequent growth of seedlings, symptoms of oxidative stress and activities of antioxidant enzymes were investigated. Compared with the non-treated control, foliar application of PCB-29 decreased both biomass and superoxide ($O_2$) radical production but increased hydrogen peroxide production and lipid peroxidation such as malondialdehyde (MDA) formation with increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX). Further studies on the isozymes of SOD, peroxidase (POD) and APX showed that all three isozymes of SOD such as Mn-SOD, Fe-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD, two among four isozymes of POD and all three isozymes of APX were selectively increased in response to PCB. Therefore, we suggest that a possible cause for the reduction of seedling growth by PCB exposure is the oxidative stress including over production of hydrogen peroxide and the selective expression of specific isozymes of some antioxidant enzymes.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2011.11a
• /
• pp.107.1-107.1
• /
• 2011

최근 석유, 가스, 석탄을 비롯한 화석연료의 다량 사용으로 기후변화, 대기오염 등의 환경문제 및 자원 고갈의 우려 때문에 바이오매스는 중요한 화석연료 대체 에너지 자원으로써 큰 관심을 받고 있다. 바이오매스 자원을 에너지로 전환하는 방법 중 하나인 급속 열분해 공정은 산소가 없는 상태에서 바이오매스를 열적으로 분해하여 액상 상태의 생성물을 회수하는 공정으로, 증기상의 열분해 가스를 응축하여 회수하게 된다. 바이오매스의 급속 열분해에 관한 연구는 주로 바이오매스의 종류와 열분해 조건에 따라 회수되는 바이오 원유의 수율 및 물리 화학적 특성에 관한 연구가 수행되고 있으나, 열분해 가스의 응축에 관한 연구는 응축에 수반되는 복잡한 물리적 현상 때문에 미진하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 바이오매스의 급속 열분해를 통해 생성되는 증기상의 열분해 가스의 응축 현상을 모사 할 수 있는 모델링 기법에 대해 연구하였다. 급속 열분해 공정을 통해 생성되는 바이오 원유는 수백개의 화합물로 구성되어 있으며, 동일한 바이오매스를 사용한 경우라도 공정조건에 따라 바이오 원유에 포함된 화합물은 달라진다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 바이오 원유의 주요 화합물인 water, propanal, butanal, pentanal, phenol, guaiacol, coniferyl alcohol, formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, butanoid acid를 대상으로 열분해 가스의 응축을 모사하였다. 본 연구에서는 응축 모델링 기법의 검증을 위해 실험결과와 비교하여 정확성을 검증하였으며, 본 연구의 결과를 활용하여 응축 조건 변화에 따른 급속 열분해 가스의 응축률을 예측하고, 이를 이용한 응축 열교환기 설계에 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.73-80
• /
• 1998

Peroxidase has been isolated to apparent homogeneity from earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus, using ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephacryl S-2000 gel filtration, CM-cellulose cation exchange chromatography and native-PAGE elution. Some of its enzymatic characteristics were examined. The optimum pH for gruaiacol oxidation of earthworm peroxidase was determined to be 6.0, and the $K_{m}$ values against guaiacol and $H_2O_2$ were 1.25 mM and 3.4mM, respectively. When various compounds were tested as the possible substrates of the enzyme, o-dianisidine was used as the substrate. However, earthworm peroxidase could not oxidize esculetin and ferulic acid as substrates, suggesting the different characteristics of the enzyme from plant peroxidases. The optimum pH for veratryl alcohol and $H_2O_2$ oxidation was determined to be 2.5 when lignin peroxidation activity was examined. The $K_{m}$ values for veratryl alcohol and $H_2O_2$ were 0.02 mM and 0.13 mM, respectively. Furthermore, the earthworm peroxidase could oxidize phenoxyherbicides such as 2,4-D, 2,4-DP and MCPA as substrates. The optimum pHs for 2,4-D, 2,4-DP and MCPA were determined to be 4.0, 2.0 and 2.0, respectively. The most available substrate was 2,4-DP, followed by MCPA and 2,4-D when their peroxidation activities were compared.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.114-119
• /
• 2022

The objective of this study was to determine phosphorus effects on drought stress-induced oxidative stress in Kentucky bluegrass. Drought stress was induced by reducing of water to plants in pots. Two types of phosphorus were applied as potassium phosphate (P) or potassium phosphonate (PA). Application of phosphorus was efficient to ameliorate the adverse effects of drought. Osmotic potential, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content were significantly decreased by drought stress, but was relieved by P or PA application. Superoxide (O₂^•-) concentration was significantly increased more than 14-fold under drought-stressed plants, was accompanied with increase of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and lipid peroxidation (MDA). However, malondialdehyde (MDA) was much less in P or PA applied plants under drought stress condition. Activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol-peroxidase (GPX) were largely increased by drought stress and its increase rate was much higher in P or PA applied plants except APX. These results indicate that drought stress-induced oxidative stress is alleviated by P or PA application due to the increase of activities of antioxidant enzymes.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.28-34
• /
• 2001

To analyze chemical compositions of softwood vinegar prepared with continuous carbonized kiln, the chemical compositions were analyzed by GC-MS spectrometry. The results were summarized as follow : 1. The amounts of methylalcohol and acetic acid and of vinegar were 0.12% and 0.8% respectively, and acidity was 0.85 2. Perfume components of vinegar were frufual, 5-meayl-2-furancarboxyaldehyde, 2,3-pentanedione, 2-butanol, 2,3-dihydrofuran, 1-(2-furanyl)-etanone, benzaldehyde, 2-furan carboxyaldehyde and acetic acid. 3 Vinegar prepared from softwood, so that murk amount of guaiacyl compound and phenol derivetives are produced from lignin and extractives was analγzed. 4 The yield of 4-methyl-di-tert-butylphenol was the highest in the nutural and carbonyl and acetic acid in the acid fractions, 3-ethylpentane in the basic fraction, and guaiacol in the phenolic fraction.