• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.304-311
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• 2018

Background: Ginseng black spot disease resulting from Alternaria panax Whuetz is a common soil-borne disease, with an annual incidence rate higher than 20-30%. In this study, the bacterial strains with good antagonistic effect against A. panax are screened. Methods: A total of 285 bacterial strains isolated from ginseng rhizosphere soils were screened using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and the Oxford cup plate assay. We analyzed the antifungal spectrum of SZ-22 by confronting incubation. To evaluate the efficacy of biocontrol against ginseng black spot and for growth promotion by SZ-22, we performed pot experiments in a plastic greenhouse. Taxonomic position of SZ-22 was identified using morphology, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, 16S ribosomal DNA, and gyrB sequences. Results: SZ-22 (which was identified as Brevundimonas terrae) showed the strongest inhibition rate against A. panax, which showed 83.70% inhibition, and it also provided broad-spectrum antifungal effects. The inhibition efficacies of the SZ-22 bacterial suspension against ginseng black spot reached 82.47% inhibition, which is significantly higher than that of the 25% suspension concentrate azoxystrobin fungicide treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, the SZ-22 bacterial suspension also caused ginseng plant growth promotion as well as root enhancement. Conclusion: Although the results of the outdoor pot-culture method were influenced by the pathogen inoculum density, the cropping history of the field site, and the weather conditions, B. terrae SZ-22 controlled ginseng black spot and promoted ginseng growth successfully. This study provides resource for the biocontrol of ginseng black spot.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.145-150
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• 2018

This study examines the meaning and growth background of sales promotion in a new marketing communication environment and predicts its future direction. This study analyzed experiential marketing, individual marketing, media creative, and viral marketing as growth background of sales promotion in a new marketing communication environment, and predicted future direction of sales promotion as brand communication, consumer-brand relationship, application of ICT, integrated marketing communication. This study has a significance of analyzing the changing function and predicting the future direction of sales promotion in new marketing communications environment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1965-1969
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• 2007

Triamino ${\alpha}$-cyclodextrin (CD) was synthesized and the inclusion complex with Minoxidil (MXD) was prepared. ${\alpha}$-CD was azidated by modifying the 6-hydroxylmethyl CD rim with sodium azide. Then, mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-azidocyclodextrins were separated by a flash column chromatography and reduced to the corresponding amines by hydrogenation with Pd/C. The substantivities of MXD included in either 2-hydroxypropyl ${\alpha}$-CD (HP ${\alpha}$-CD) or triamino ${\alpha}$-CD were evaluated in vitro using hairless mice skins. After applying the preparations onto the skin and rinsing it, the amount of the drug left on the skin was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was the highest when the drug was included in triamino ${\alpha}$-CD. The electrostatic interaction between the protonated amino CD and the negatively charged skin would be responsible for the relatively high substantivity. The in vivo hair growth promotion effect of each preparation was investigated, where the sample application onto the clipped backs of female mice (C57BL6) and the subsequent rinsing of the backs were done once a day for 30 days. Only MXD in triamino ${\alpha}$-CD had hair growth promotion effect, possibly due to the significant substantivity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1511-1516
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production by a rice phylloplane bacteria, Enterobacter sp. DMKU-RP206, using sweet whey as a feed stock instead of lactose. We succeeded in using sweet whey for Enterobacter sp. DMKU-RP206 to produce 3,963.0 mg IAA/l with the optimal medium containing 1.48% sweet whey, 1.42% yeast extract and 0.88% $\text\tiny{L}$-tryptophan. The medium pH was adjusted to 6 and the culture conditions were shaking at 200 rpm on an orbital shaker at $30^{\circ}C$ for 3 days. We also evaluated the effect of IAA in culture filtrates of Enterobacter sp. DMKU-RP206 on the promotion of jasmine rice growth in a pot experiment. Compared with the negative control (without IAA), the result showed that biosynthetic IAA produced by Enterobacter sp. DMKU-RP206 significantly increased the growth of jasmine rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. KDML105) in terms of length and dry weight of shoot. This work thus reveals the impact of IAA produced by Enterobacter sp. on the promotion of jasmine rice growth.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.300-302
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• 2019

Glutamicibacter halophytocola DR408 isolated from the rhizospheric soil of soybean plant at Jecheon showed drought tolerance and plant growth promotion capacity. The complete genome of strain DR408 comprises 3,770,186 bp, 60.2% GC-content, which include 3,352 protein-coding genes, 64 tRNAs, 19 rRNA, and 3 ncRNA. The genome analysis revealed gene clusters encoding osmolyte synthesis and plant growth promotion enzymes, which are known to contribute to improve drought tolerance of the plant.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.301-313
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• 2010

Growth promoters including hormonal substances and antibiotics are used legally and illegally in food producing animals for the growth promotion of livestock animals. Hormonal substances still under debate in terms of their human health impacts are estradiol-$17\beta$, progesterone, testosterone, zeranol, trenbolone, and melengestrol acetate (MGA). Many of the risk assessment results of natural steroid hormones have presented negligible impacts when they are used under good veterinary practices. For synthetic hormonelike substances, ADIs and MRLs have been established for food safety along with the approval of animal treatment. Small amounts of antibiotics added to feedstuff present growth promotion effects via the prevention of infectious diseases at doses lower than therapeutic dose. The induction of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and the disruption of normal human intestinal flora are major concerns in terms of human health impact. Regulatory guidance such as ADIs and MRLs fully reflect the impact on human gastrointestinal microflora. However, before deciding on any risk management options, risk assessments of antimicrobial resistance require large-scale evidence regarding the relationship between antimicrobial use in food-producing animals and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in human pathogens. In this article, the risk profiles of hormonal and antibacterial growth promoters are provided based on recent toxicity and human exposure information, and recommendations for risk management to prevent human health impacts by the use of growth promoters are also presented.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.21.1-21.1
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• 2008

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.262-266
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• 2009

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial native soil bacteria that colonize plant roots and result in increased plant growth. The objective of this study was to determine the plant growth promotion in canola plants by selected PGPR strain 13-1 under low temperature condition. The seed treatment of strain 13-1 was enhanced plant height and root elongation on canola plant at low temperature condition. This result determined that a selected strain of PGPR can enhance plant growth and root propagation under extremely low temperature conditions. Thus, this PGPR strain extends their role on plant growth promotion on canola until low temperature condition for practical applications.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 1994.06a
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• pp.27-49
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• 1994

Root colonization of biocontrol agents via seed treatment was investigated and a compatible combination, Gliocladium virens G872B and Pseudomonas putida Pf3, in colonizing cucumber rhizosphere was confirmed through the study. Much higher number of fungal and bacterial propagules were detected when two isolates were inoculated together. The presence of Pf3 in root system was greatly helpful to G872B to colonize at root tip. The mechanism of this phenomenon is partially elucidated through the results of in vitro experiments and the observations of scanning electron and fluorescence microscope. Addition of Pf3 cells resulted earlier germination of G872B conidia and increased mycelial growth. And the more number of germinated conidia on seed coat, the more vigorous hypal streching and sporulation on the root surface were observed in coinoculated treatment. The propagules of G872B on the cucumber root when they were challenged against the pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum, were even higher than that of G872B treated alone, and the magnitude of such a difference was getting grater toward the root ip and the population of F. oxysporum on the root was reduced by seed inoculation of G872B. The rhizosphere competence was obviously reflected to disease suppression and plant growth promotion that induced by the given isolate. Green house experiments revealed that the combined treatment provided long-term disease suppression with greater rate and the larger amount of fruit yield than single treatments. Through this study the low temperature growing Pseudomonas fluorescens M45 and MC07 were evaluated to apply them to the winter crops in field or plastic film house. In vitro tests reveal that M45 and MC07 inhibited the mycelial growth of Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctona solani and Phytophthora capsici and enhanced growth of cucumber cotyledon in MS agar. This effect was more pronounced when the bacteria were incubated at 14$^{\circ}C$ than at 27$^{\circ}C$. And disease suppression and plant growth promotion in green house were also superior at low temperature condition. Seed treatment of M45 or soil treatment of MC07 brought successful control of damping-off and enhanced seedling growth of cucumber. The combined treatment of two isolates was more effective than any single treatment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.653-657
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• 2004

The cold resistant mutants of P. fluorescens strain $PRS_{9}$ and ATCC13525 were developed which could grow equally well at $28^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$. All the mutants were tested for siderophore production, of which $CRPF_9$ (ATCC13525 mutant) was selected, as there was a 16.8-fold increase when compared to its wild-type. Under in vitro conditions, $CRPF_9$ showed better growth promotion both in wheat (29.1% increase in root length) and mung bean (51.5% increase in root length) at $10^{\circ}C$. Greenhouse trials showed a significant increase in root (13.84cm) and shoot (15.0cm) length of $CRPF_9$-treated mung bean seeds, indicating increased rhizocompetence of the mutant. Ferric citrate was a better iron source than ferric hydroxide for plant growth.