• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2012

With the enormous growth and various applications of private brands, national brand manufacturers are confronted with a dilemmatic situation. That is, paradoxically, some manufacturers have come to produce private brands of retailers which are potential competitors to their own brands. This study reveals why manufacturers with their own brands let themselves do the consignment production of retailers' private brands although those private brands may become strong competitors of their own brands and then investigates the condition in which manufacturers may benefit from such consignment production. Through an analysis of a game theoretical model assuming a monopoly market, the present study presents the theoretical backgrounds and provides new insights about consignment production of manufacturer with its own brand for retailer's private brand. First, such consignment production can play a role in mitigating the loss in the consignee manufacturer's own brand sales caused by the private brand in the competitive environment. Second, the effectiveness of such role is affected by the quality of the private brand produced under consignment. In other word, only if the consignee manufacturer keeps the quality of the private brand low, the manufacturer can maintain the benefit from its own brand. In addition, a consigner retailer needs to consider the final objective of launching its private brand, when it chooses its consignee manufacturer of the brand. Finally, a manufacturer with its own brand may consider consignment production as not merely an unavoidable option compelled by a retailer's power but a reasonable strategic choice to reduce the risk from competition.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.317-322
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• 2013

Objective : The surgical approach for recurrent pituitary adenoma after trans-sphenoidal approach (TSA) is challenging. We report the outcomes of the endoscopic TSA for recurrent pituitary adenoma after microscopic TSA. Methods : From February 2010 to February 2013, endoscopic TSA was performed for removal of 30 recurrent pituitary adenomas after microscopic TSA. Twenty-seven (90%) patients had a clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Twenty-four (80%) patients suffered from a visual disturbance related to tumor growth. The clinical features and surgical outcomes were retrospectively analyzed for the ophthalmological, endocrinological, and oncological aspects. Results : The mean tumor volume was 11.7 $cm^3$, and gross total resection was achieved in 50% of patients. The volumetric analysis based on the postoperative MR showed that the mean extent of resection rates were 90%. Vision was improved in 19 (79%) of 24 patients with visual symptoms, and endocrinological cure was achieved in all of three functioning pituitary adenomas; however, the post-operative follow-up endocrinological examination revealed a new endocrinological deficit in one patient. Two patients required antibiotics management for post-operative meningitis. Conclusion : The endoscopic TSA can be an effective treatment option for recurrent pituitary adenoma after microscopic TSA with acceptable outcome.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.491-502
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• 2012

The world's food production systems are becoming an area of great concern for both human and ecological health. Research has identified that one of the greatest threats to sustainability is conventional industrial agricultural systems and the high energy and material cost they require to function. The organic food movement is contributing as promising alternative to the current dominant model. Over the last 50 years it has developed into the most visible brand for a healthier and more environmentally sustainable food system. However, to achieve its full potential there are still a number of hurdles which must be overcome to make organic products a more viable and appealing option for consumers. This paper provides an overview of key research that has been conducted on why consumers are buying organic products, what they are buying and what is preventing them from purchasing more. It concludes that the key challenge is for the organic food movement to convince existing consumers of the superior 'value' of its products. In addition there are a number of methodological issues associated with analysing the market for organic products as well as issues of limited distribution, intermittent availability and high prices that are currently preventing increases in sales. Recognition and management of these barriers could contribute to more effective targeted research into consumer food purchasing motivations and subsequently the development of more sophisticated marketing strategies that assist in maintaining integrity with consumers and fending off challenges from conventional as well as other complementary food systems such as local food movement. And finally to achieve these market growth strategies the organic food movement will need to cope with its diverse constituency - ranging from global corporates through to local production and consumption - and provide attractive opportunities to individuals and business at all stages in supply chain whilst retaining credibility with government to ensure ongoing policy support.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2018

Purpose: Peripheral neuropathy is common among colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who undergo oxaliplatin-based (OXL) chemotherapy. A pharmacogenetic approach can be used to identify patients at high-risk of developing severe neuropathy. This type of approach can also help clinicians determine the best treatment option and prevent severe neurotoxicity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the evidence of pharmacogenetic markers for OXL-induced peripheral neuropathy (OXIPN) in patients with CRC. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using the following databases up to December 2017: Pubmed, EMBASE, and CINAHL. We reviewed the genetic risk factors for OXIPN in observational studies and randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). All processes were performed independently by two reviewers. Results: Sixteen studies published in English between 2006 and 2017 were included in this review. A genome-wide association approach was used in one study and various candidate genes were tested, based on their functions (e.g., DNA damage or repair, ion channels, anti-oxidants, and nerve growth etc.). The genes associated with incidence or severity of OXIPN were ABCG2, GSTP1, XRCC1, TAC1, and ERCC1. Conclusion: This study highlighted the need and the importance of conducting pharmacogenetic studies to generate evidence of personalized OXIPN symptoms management. Additional studies are warranted to accelerate the tailored interventions used for OXIPN in patients with CRC (NRF-2014R1A1A3054386).

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2017년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.485-487
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• 2017

사물인터넷(IoT)환경의 발전과 함께 우려의 목소리가 커지는 부분이 바로 보안이다. 사물인터넷 보안의 위험성이 계속적으로 제기되고 실제로도 여러 차례 해킹 사례가 있었다. 이에 따라 보안에 대한 관심과 규모가 커지고 있지만 기본적인 사물인터넷 디바이스 간의 주고받는 메시지 프로토콜에 대해서는 관심과 연구가 부족하다. 사물인터넷의 발전과 함께 저전력이고 가벼우면서 정확한 메시지 전달의 중요성이 더욱 중요해질 것이고 더 발전된 메시지 프로토콜이 필요 할 것이다. 본 논문에서는 사물인터넷 메시지 프로토콜 중에서도 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport)와 CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol)의 Confirmative Message옵션을 이용한 CoAP의 클라이언트와 서버 간 통신을 진행하는 시스템을 구축하고, 각 통신 프로토콜의 메시지 신뢰성을 비교하여 효율성을 확인하고자 한다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.9-10
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• 2010

Since the discovery of graphene by mechanical exfoliation from graphite[1], various fabrication methods are available today such as chemical exfoliation, epitaxial graphene on SiC substrates, etc. In view of industrialization, the mechanical exfoliation method may not be an option. Epitaxial graphene on SiC substrates, in this respect, is by far more practical because the method consists of conventional thermal treatments familiar to semiconductor industry. Still, the use of the SiC substrate itself, and hence the incompatibility with the Si technology, lessens the importance of this technology in its future industrialization. In this context, we have tackled the problem of forming graphene on Si substrates (GOS). Our strategy is to form an ultrathin (~80 nm) SiC layer on top of a Si substrate, and to graphitize the top SiC layers by a vacuum annealing. We have actually succeeded in forming the GOS structure [2,3,4]. Raman-scattering microscopy indicates presence of few-layer graphene (FLG) formed on our annealed SiC/Si heterostructure, with the G ($1580\;cm^{-1}$) and the G'($2700\;cm^{-1}$) bands, both related to ideal graphene, clearly observed. Presence of the D ($1350\;cm^{-1}$) band indicates presence of defects in our GOS films, whose elimination remains as a challenge in the future. To obtain qualified graphene films on Si substrate, formation of qualified SiC films is crucial in the first place, and is achieved by tuning the growth parameters into a process window[5]. With a potential for forming graphene films on large-scale Si wafers, GOS is a powerful candidate as a key technology in bringing graphene into silicon technology.

• 멤브레인
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.24-44
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• 2013

MBR 기술은 지난 20여 년 동안 처리성능과 효율성 그리고 비용절감 측면에서 빠른 속도로 발전하고 있다. 또한 안정적인 하수처리와 하수재이용관점에서 핵심기술로 널리 인식되고 있다. 본고에서는 MBR 기술의 개발과 상업적 응용에 관한 발전과정을 재조명하고 세계 시장의 전망을 제시하고자 한다. 주요 적용기술에 대해 다음 5가지 측면에서 검토하여 제시하였는데 1) MBR 기술의 진화, 2) MRBs의 상업용 기술, 3) 대용량 MBR 플랜트 설치 사례, 4) MBR 시장의 성장, 5) 기술의 발전방향 순으로 제시하였다. 마지막으로 MBRs에 대한 경제적, 환경적, 그리고 기술적 측면에서 향후 발전방향을 1) 초기투자비, 2) 처리 수질, 3) 분리막 소재/모듈, 4) MBR 장비와 공정, 5) 운영비용, 향후 6) 혐기성 MBRs 공정과 같은 차세대 기술 분야로 나누어 제시하였다.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.220-226
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 선박 용접구조물의 피로균열 발생 여부와 균열의 진전 상황을 실시간으로 모니터링하기 위한 기초 연구단계로서 선박의 전형적인 용접형태인 필렛용접부(fillet welded joint)의 피로시험에 대한 음향방출(Acoustic Emission, AE)기법의 적용성을 검토하였다. 필렛용접부의 피로시험에서 균열의 발생과 진전, 위치를 검출하기 위하여 AE 카운트(ring down count)와 위치표정(source location)등을 이용하였다. 시험결과 용접 토우(toe)부의 표면균열(surface crack)이 관통균열(through crack)로 발전하기 전까지의 AE 신호는 비교적 미약하게 나타났으나 균열의 발생시점과 위치를 카운트-위치표정으로 어느 정도 추정 가능함을 확인하였다. 표면균열이 브라켓의 두께방향으로 관통한 시점에서는 AE 카운트의 양이 급격히 증가하였으며 카운트-위치표정, 이벤트(event)-위치표정으로 균열의 위치와 발생시점을 명확하게 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 AE 위치표정과 클러스터(cluster) 기능을 이용하여 균열발생 위치 이외의 영역에서 검출된 신호는 잡음에 기인한 것으로 추정할 수 있었다.

• Experimental and Molecular Medicine
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• 제50권11호
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• pp.9.1-9.10
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• 2018

Although the positive effects of recombinant fibroblast growth factor-2 (rFGF-2) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been implicated in previous studies, knowledge of its role in COPD remains limited. The mechanism of FGF2 in a COPD mouse model and the therapeutic potential of rFGF-2 were investigated in COPD. The mechanism and protective effects of rFGF-2 were evaluated in cigarette smoke-exposed or elastase-induced COPD animal models. Inflammation was assessed in alveolar cells and lung tissues from mice. FGF-2 was decreased in the lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Intranasal use of rFGF-2 significantly reduced macrophage-dominant inflammation and alveolar destruction in the lungs. In the elastase-induced emphysema model, rFGF-2 improved regeneration of the lungs. In humans, plasma FGF-2 was decreased significantly in COPD compared with normal subjects (10 subjects, P = 0.037). The safety and efficacy of inhaled rFGF-2 use was examined in COPD patients, along with changes in respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function. A 2-week treatment with inhaled rFGF-2 in COPD (n = 6) resulted in significantly improved respiratory symptoms compared with baseline levels (P < 0.05); however, the results were not significant compared with the placebo. The pulmonary function test results of COPD improved numerically compared with those in the placebo, but the difference was not statistically significant. No serious adverse events occurred during treatment with inhaled rFGF-2. The loss of FGF-2 production is an important mechanism in the development of COPD. Inhaling rFGF-2 may be a new therapeutic option for patients with COPD because rFGF-2 decreases inflammation in lungs exposed to cigarette smoke.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.322-336
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• 2021

Objective: Endometriosis is a chronic debilitating inflammatory condition characterized by the presence of endometrial tissues outside the uterine cavity. Pelvic soreness and infertility are the usual association. Due to the poor effectiveness of the hormone therapy and the high incidence of recurrence following surgical excision, there is no single effective option for management of endometriosis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells studied for their broad immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties; however, their efficiency in endometriosis cases is still a controversial issue. Our study aim was to evaluate whether adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) could help with endometriosis through their studied anti-inflammatory role. Methods: Female Wistar rats weighting 180 to 250 g were randomly divided into two groups: group 1, endometriosis group; established by transplanting autologous uterine tissue into rats' peritoneal cavities and group 2, stem cell treated group; treated with AD-MSCs on the 5th day after induction of endometriosis. The proliferative activity of the endometriosis lesions was evaluated through Ki67 staining. Quantitative estimation of interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and transforming growth factor β expression, as well as immunohistochemical detection of CD68 positive macrophages, were used to assess the inflammatory status. Results: The size and proliferative activity of endometriosis lesions were significantly reduced in the stem cell treated group. Stem cells efficiently mitigated endometriosis associated chronic inflammatory reactions estimated through reduction of CD68 positive macrophages and the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines. Conclusion: Stem cell therapy can be considered a novel remedy in endometriosis possibly through its anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties.