• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.109-114
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• 2005

Attempts were made to control Diatrype stigma occurred on the bed-log of shiitake by resistant shiitake strains. In selection test of resistant shiitake strains, 67 out of 77 strains tested were proved to be resistant to D. stigma. Among them, 13 strains including KFRI 5 were effective to inhibit the access of D. stigma, and 7 strains including KFRI 180 remarkably invaded the territory of D. stigma. Among 31 shiitake strains made by hybridization of resistant strains for D. stigma, 8 strains including KFRI 537 inhibited the access of D. stigma, and 4 strains including KFRI 545 invaded the territory of D. stigma. The effects of temperatures and inoculation orders to the resistance were confirmed in PDA plates and test tubes filled with sawdust of Quercus acutissima. Four kinds of temperature treatments as follows were tested: (1) continuous incubation at $14^{\circ}C$, (2) continuous incubation at $25^{\circ}C$, (3) changing of incubation temperature from $14^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ as soon as mycelia of both shiitake and D. stigma meet together, (4) changing of incubation temperature from $25^{\circ}C$ to $14^{\circ}C$ as soon as mycelia of both shiitake and D. stigma meet together. Three kinds of inoculation procedure were tested: (1) inoculation of shiitake 3 days ahead of D. stigma inoculation, (2) inoculation of D. stigma 3 days ahead of shiitake inoculation, (3) simultaneous inoculation of both fungi. In PDA plate test, the strain KFRI 137 showed outstanding ability to inhibit mycelial growth of D. stigma and the strain KFRI 180 invaded into the territory of D. stigma in most of treatments. Hybrid strains, KFRI 545, 546, and 547 were more resistant than their parent strains, KFRI 488 and 405. In test tube examinations, all the strains of shiitake showed high resistance at the treatment of change in temperature from $14^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ when mycelia of both shiitake and D. stigma meet together. On the other hand, resistance of all the strains growing at $25^{\circ}C$ decreased when the temperature was changed into $14^{\circ}C$ after mycelia of both fungi. In these cases, the resistance reached to 7~20% of the highest resistance. The strain KFRI 259 invaded the territory of D. stigma, contrary to PDA plate test. Among the strains, KFRI 393 strain was the most resistant under the continuous incubation at $25^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2012

Polyamines are essential for cell growth and differentiation; however their precise roles are unclear yet. In the present study, the cytotoxic effect of spermine (spm) on MCF-7 cells was investigated. In the MTT assay of MCF-7 cells treated with spm, cell viability was significantly decreased in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Cell viability measurement was confirmed by trypan blue staining. FACS analysis shows that sub-G1 was increased in a time-and dose-dependent manner too. When the cells were treated with spm, cells started to show morphological changes within 2 hrs. The expression of adhesion proteins (FAK and integrin ${\beta}1$), and cytoskeletal protein (actin) was checked by Western blotting analysis. Integrin ${\beta}1$ levels were slightly decreased, and FAK and actin levels were rapidly decreased with spm treatment. In confocal laser scanning microscopy, the distribution of actin did not change but the expression decreased in a dose-dependent manner with spm treatment. FAK was evenly distributed under the plasma membrane in the untreated control. However, at 10 ${\mu}M$ spm FAK seemed to move toward the cell nucleus. Integrin ${\beta}1$, which was mainly found in the focal point of the plasma membrane in the untreated control, dispersed through the entire plasma membrane in spm treatment. The present results indicate that cytotoxic effects of spm are triggered by the disruption of adhesion proteins and cytoskeletal protein.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.841-849
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• 1996

Quality changes in carrot during storage were studied to investigate the efficiency, cooling properties and the washing and storage effects of hydrocooling method. As a result of plotting the nondimensionalized carrot temperature versus cooling time, its cooling rate coefficient was shown $-0.0171min^{-1}{\sim}-0.0121min^{-1}\;(R^{2}=0.99{\sim}0.95)$, and $-0.141min^{-1}{\sim}-0.0038min^{-1}\;(R^{2}=0.98{\sim}0.92)$ in package condition7. Rate of weight loss and change in moisture content of carrot were not significantly different by treatment conditions during storage at $5^{\circ}C$. During storage at $15^{\circ}C$, however, weight loss of hydrocooled carrot was lower than that of non-treated carrot from the 30th to 40th day. Especially, PE was more effective than tray for packaging hydrocooled carrots. Carrot pretreated wish sterilizing agent, packed with PE vinyl film and with residual water removed after hydrocooling showed a lower decaying-rate than any other carrots. Changes in Hunter L and b values of hydrocooled carrot were slower than those of non-treated one. The carotenoids contents of stored carrot $(0.736{\sim}0.780mg%)$ decreased to $9{\sim}43%$ after 40 days of storage at $5^{\circ}C$ and before 20 days of storage at $15^{\circ}C$. It could be presumed that the addition of sterilizing agent reduced the initial level of overall microbial and coliform counts and their growth rate during storage.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.4421-4426
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• 2013

Objective: The present study employed 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line A549 to investigate the effects on proliferation and expression of the TFPI-2 gene. Methods: Proliferation was assessed by MTT assay after A549 cells were treated with 0, 1, 5, 10 ${\mu}mol/L$ 5-Aza-CdR, a specific demethylating agent, for 24, 48 and 72h. At the last time point cells were also analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) to identify any change in their cell cycle profiles. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSPCR), real time polymerase chain reaction(real-time PCR) and western blotting were carried out to determine TFPI-2 gene methylation status, mRNA expression and protein expression. Results: MTT assay showed that the growth of A549 cells which were treated with 5-Aza-CdR was significantly suppressed as compared with the control group (0 ${\mu}mol/L$ 5-Aza-CdR). After treatment with 0, 1, 5, 10 ${\mu}mol/L$ 5-Aza-CdR for 72h, FCM showed their proportion in G0/G1 was $69.7{\pm}0.99%$, $76.1{\pm}0.83%$, $83.8{\pm}0.35%$, $95.5{\pm}0.55%$ respectively (P<0.05), and the proportion in S was $29.8{\pm}0.43%$, $23.7{\pm}0.96%$, $15.7{\pm}0.75%$, $1.73{\pm}0.45%$, respectively (P<0.05), suggesting 5-Aza-CdR treatment induced G0/G1 phase arrest. MSPCR showed that hypermethylation in the promoter region of TFPI-2 gene was detected in control group (0 ${\mu}mol/L$ 5-Aza-CdR), and demethylation appeared after treatment with 1, 5, 10 ${\mu}mol/L$ 5-Aza-CdR for 72h. Real-time PCR showed that the expression levels of TFPI-2 gene mRNA were $1{\pm}0$, $1.49{\pm}0.14$, $1.86{\pm}0.09$ and $5.80{\pm}0.15$ (P<0.05) respectively. Western blotting analysis showed the relative expression levels of TFPI-2 protein were $0.12{\pm}0.01$, $0.23{\pm}0.02$, $0.31{\pm}0.02$, $0.62{\pm}0.03$ (P<0.05). TFPI-2 protein expression in A549 cells was gradually increased significantly with increase in the 5-Aza-CdR concentration. Conclusions: TFPI-2 gene promoter methylation results in the loss of TFPI-2 mRNA and protein expression in the non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549, and 5-Aza-CdR treatment could induce the demethylation of TFPI-2 gene promoter and restore TFPI-2 gene expression. These findings provide theoretic evidence for clinical treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer with the demethylation agent 5-Aza-CdR. TFPI-2 may be one molecular marker for effective treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer with 5-Aza-CdR.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.764-776
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• 2015

This study aims to identify the structure of the plant community, and the ecological succession sere and the change in the forest ecosystem in Jungdaesa-Birobong area, Odaesan National Park_(i._e., located at high altitudes(over 1,000m)). It seeks to offer the basic data for the planning of vegetation management. In order to verify the status of the forest vegetation between Jungdaesa-Birobong, seventeen plots(size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up as research sites at high altitudes. Importance value, distribution by diameter at breast height(DBH), the growth volume and age of the sample trees, similarity index and species diversity index of each survey plot were analysed. According to the results of DCA(Detrended Correspondence Analysis), one of the multivariate statistical techniques. It was found that the plant communities were classified into five groups: community I_(Quercus mongolica-Tilia amurensis community), community II_(Q. mongolica-Deciduous broad-leaved community), community III_(Q. mongolica-Pinus koraiensis community), community IV_(Abies holophylla-Q. mongolica community) and community V_(A. holophylla-Deciduous broad-leaved community). Community I which is dominated by Quercus mongolica and Deciduous broad-leaved communities is located at an altitude of over 1,300 meters(ranging from 1,335m to 1,495m), the community IV and V which are dominated by Abies holophylla are located at an altitude of under 1,200 meters(ranging from 1,115m to 1,175m) and the community II and III which include the main species of Quercus mongolica, Pinus koraiensis and Abies holophylla are located at an altitude of between 1,160 meters and 1,300 meters. The results showed that Quercus mongolica tends to have a higher importance value of woody species at a higher altitude while Abies holophylla tends to have higher importance value at a lower altitude. For the importance value woody species and -DBH class distribution, the communites I, II and III are expected to continuously maintain the present status. Whereas, for the influence of communities IV and V, Q. mongolica is predicted to be weakened. The age of sample trees was between 85 and 161; the average age was 123. The index of Shannon's Species diversity (H') showed heterogeneity was found among community I_(i._e., located at high altitude) and communities IV and V_(i._e., located at low altitude). As a results of analysing the index of Shannon's Species diversity (H': unit: $400m^2$), community III showed the highest diversity intex with 1.1109 followed by community II with 1.0475, community I with 1.0125, community IV with 0.9918 and community V with 0.8686. This study verified that the index of Shannon's species was significantly different by plant communities. For instance, when comparing the index of Shannon's species diversity in Quercus mongolica communities of this study and that of past relevant research, the value of index is very similar. However, the diversity index for the community which is dominated by Abies holophylla showed lower value when compared to the results from past relevant research.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 2014

The current study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of dried coffee meal (CM) on growth performance, intestinal and blood biochemical index, intestinal enzymes, and cecal microbial populations. A total of 162, 3-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated into three dietary groups: control group (CON), basal diet added with 0.5% CM (CM I), and basal diet added with 1.0% CM (CM II). Dietary supplementation of CM did not change bird performance and the relative weight of intestinal mucosal tissues. The birds fed the diet supplemented with CM (0.5 and 1.0%) significantly decreased mucosal glucose concentration (P<0.05) without affecting blood glucose level compared with those fed control diet. The level of blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST) significantly increased in CM II group (P<0.05) without affecting ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase (${\gamma}$-GTP) compared with that in the CON group. The specific activity of intestinal maltase, leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were not affected by dietary supplementation of CM, whereas sucrase activity in birds fed the diet supplemented with CM was decreased (P<0.05) compared to that in the control birds. The colony forming units (CFU) of E. coli in the cecum of CM-fed birds was significantly decreased (P<0.05) compared with that of control birds without changing the CFU of Lactobacillus. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of lower level of CM (0.5%) can be used as a beneficial feed resource without liver toxicity in broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.220-230
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• 1992

Soil temperature is one of the important environmental factors which control all the physical, chemical and biological processes in soil including germination and root growth of plants and other organisms living in the soil ecosystem. Soil water and nutrient availability and mobility are temperature dependent. Soil temperature change is depended primarily upon energy exchange in soil surface, meteorological variance and physical properties of the soils which are closely related to heat transfer mechanism. In this study physical properties including bulk density, soil texture and organic matter content were measured and thermal diffusivity on the soils was calculated. Soil samples from the 66 meteorological stations under the Korea Meteorology were collected and the physical parameters were measured. To obtain relationship between thermal diffusivity and soil water content a heat probe thermal diffusivity measurement apparatus was designed and used in this experiment. According to the survey on soil physicsal properties on the 66 meteorological stations, the 52% of the surface soil texture were sandy loam and laomy sand or sand, 38% were loam and silty loam, and 10% were clay loam and silty clay loam. The bulk density which was closely related with thermal properties showed average of $1.41g/cm^3$ for sandy soils, $1.33g/cm^3$ for loam and silty loam soils, and $1.21g/cm^3$ for clay loam and silty clay loam soils. The apparent thermal diffusivity of the upper layer from 0 to 30cm ranged from 1.16 to $8.40{\times}10^{-3}cm^3/sec$ with average of $3.53{\times}10^{-3}cm^3/sec$. The apparent thermal diffusivities of the Jeju soils of which organic matter contents were high and the bulk densities were low were near $2{\times}10^{-3}cm^3/sec$. The thermal diffusivity of snow measured in Chuncheon ranged from 0.822 to $2.237{\times}10^{-3}cm^3/sec$. The damping depth calculated from the thermal diffusivity ranged from 5.92 to 13.65cm for daily basis and 124 to 342cm for yearly basis. The significant regression equation to estimate thermal diffusivity with bulk density and soil water content was obtained by the heat probe in laboratory.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.328-336
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• 1999

A green microalga, Chlorella vulgaris UTX 259, was cultivated in a bench-scale raceway pond. During the culture, 15%(v/v) $CO_2$ was supplied and industrial wastewater discharged from a steel-making plant was used as a culture medium. In a small scale culture bottle, the microalga grew up to 1.8 g $dm^{-3}$ of cell concentration and ammonia was completely removed from the wastewater with an yield coefficient of 25.7 g dry cell weight $g^{-1}\;NH_3-N$. During the bottle-culture, microalga was dominant over heterotrophic microorganisms in the culture medium. Therefore, the amount of carbon dioxide fixation could be estimated from the change of dry cell weight. In a semi-continuous operation of raceway pond with intermittent lighting (12 h light and 12 h dark), increase of dilution rate resulted in increase of the ammonia removal rate as well as the $CO_2$ fixation rate but the ammonia removal efficiency decreased. Ammonia was not completely removed from the medium (wastewater) of raceway pond which was operated in a batch mode under a light intensity up to 20 klux. The incomplete removal of ammonia was believed due to insufficient light supply. A mathematical model, capable of predicting experimental data, was developed in order to simulate the performance of the raceway pond under the light intensity of sun during a bright daytime. Simulation results showed that the rates of $CO_2$ fixation and ammonia removal could be enhanced by increasing light intensity. According to the simulation, 80 mg $dm^{-3}$ of ammonia in the medium could be completely removed if the light intensity was over 60 klux with a continuous lighting. Under the optimal operating condition determined by the simulation, the rates of carbon dioxide fixation and ammonia removal in the outdoor operation of raceway pond were estimated as high as $24.7 g m^{-2} day^{-1}$ and $0.52 g NH_3-N m^{-2} day^{-1}$, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.4
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• pp.7-35
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• 1992

The expansion of air transport on a global scale with ever increasing traffic densities has brought about problems that must be solved through new multilateral mechanisms. Looking to the immediate future, air transport will require new forms of international cooperation in technical and economic areas. Air transport by its very nature should have been a counterforce to nationalism. Yet, the regulatory system in civil aviation is still as firmly rooted in the principle of national sovereignty as when it was first proclaimed at t-11e Paris Convention of 1919 and reaffirmed in the Chicago Convention. Sovereignty over the airspace has remained the cornerstone of relations between states in all respects of air transport. The importance of sovereignty over air space embodied in article 1 of the Chicago Conrenton also is responsible for restricting the authority of ICAO as an intergovernmental regulatory agency. The Orgenization, for all its extensive efforts, has only limited authority. ICAO sets standards but cannot enforce them; it devises solutions but cannot impose them. To implement its rules ICAO most rely not so much on legal requirements as on the goodwill of states. It has been forty-eight years since international community set the foundations of the international system in civil aviation action. Profound political, economic and technological changes have taken place in air transport. The Chicago Convention is living proof that staes can work together to make air transport a safe mode of travel. The law governing international civil auiation is principally based on international treaties and on other regulation agreed to by governments, for the most part through the mechanism of ICAO. The role of ICAO international standards and recommended practices and procedures dealing with a broad range of technical matters could hardly be overestimated. The organization's ability to develop these standards and procedures, to adapt them continuously to the rapid sate of change and development of air transport, should be particularly stressed. The role of ICAO in the area of the development of multilateral conventions on international air law has been successful but to a certain degree. From the modest starting-point of the Tokyo Convention, we have seen more adequate international instruments prepared within the scope of ICAO activities, adopted: the Hague Convention of 1970 for the suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft and the Montreal Convention of 1971 for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation. The work of ICAO in the new domain of international law conventions concerning what has been loosely termed above as the criminal problems connected with international air transport, in particular the problem of armed aggression against aircraft, should be positively appreciated. But ICAO records in the domain of developing a uniform legal system of international carriage by air are rather disappointing. The problem of maintaining and developing the uniformity of this regulation exceeds the scope of interest and competence of governmental transport agencies. The expectations of mankind linked to it are too great to give up trying to restore the uniform legal system of international air carriage that would create proper conditions for its further growth. It appears that ICAO has, at present, a good opportunity for doing this. The hasty preparation of ICAO draft conventions should be definitely excluded. Every Preliminary draft convention ought to be sent to Governments of all member-States for consideration, So that they could in form ICAO in due time of their observation. The problom of harmonizing a uniform law of international air carriage with that of other branches of international transport should demand more and more of its attention. ICAO cooperation with other international arganization, especially these working in the field of international transport, should be strengthened. ICAO is supposed to act as a link and a mediator among, at times the conflicting interests of member States, serving the happiness and peace of all of the world. The transformation of the contemporary world of developing international relations, stimulated by steadily growing international cooperation in its various dimensions, political, economic, scientific, technological, social and cultural, continuously confronts ICAO with new task.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.6
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• pp.748-756
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• 2009

The key for cultivating Lentinula edodes in sawdust bags with an appropriate strain and medium is to encourage the mushroom growth, while discouraging contaminating fungi by controlling environment, especially temperature and relative humidity (RH). To investigate the daily and seasonal fluctuation of temperature and RH in two L. edodes cultivation sheds types, HOBO data loggers was set and the collected data were analyzed. In a Taiwan type L. edodes cultivation shed, temperature and humidity changes were divided into five characteristic periods: mycelium growing winter, mushroom fruiting spring, mushroom fruiting early summer, mushroom nonfruiting summer and mushroom fruiting autumn. First, the mycelium growing winter was December to early March with daily mean temperature of $-1{\sim}8^{\circ}C$. Second, mushroom fruiting spring was mid March to late May with daily mean temperature of $8{\sim}21^{\circ}C$ and day-night temperature difference of $15^{\circ}C$. Third, the Mushroom fruiting early summer was early June to early July with 17 to $25^{\circ}C$. Fourth, nonfruiting summer was mid July to mid August with daily mean temperature of $25{\sim}28^{\circ}C$. Lastly, mushroom fruiting autumn was late August to October with daily mean temperature of $10{\sim}23^{\circ}C$ and with cyclic temperature change by $7^{\circ}C$ decrease and 5 increase every 5 to 7 days. In a Chinese type shed, temperature ranged $-1.9{\sim}5.0^{\circ}C$ during winter and $15{\sim}32^{\circ}C$ during June to October. Temperature and relative humidity changed $12{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ and 40~100%, respectively, depending on 0~150 cm shelf heights of by positions in the shed. In conclusion, to grow L. edodes but to discourage contaminating fungi, that is, not to be too high in temperature and RH, the growers changed temperature and RH by adjusting shading, aeration and insulation in the shed.