• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.195-201
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary calcium supplementation and exercise on bone mineral density and bone mineral content of growing female rats. The exercise and control group were fed a diet containing 0.5% calcium and Ca supplementation group were fed a diet containing 1.0% calcium diet. The exercise group ran on a rodent treadmill (speed of 15m/min for 30 min) three days per week during the 3-week study period. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of spine and femur were determined by using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (FIXI-mus, GE Lunar Radiation Cooperation, Madison, WI, USA). The exercise group had significantly greater (6.25%) spine BMD compared to the nonexercise group and the exercise group had but not significantly greater spine BMC (7.1%) compared to nonexercisers. Femur BMD and BMC divided by the rats final body weight appears to have a higher BMD (7.5%) and BMC (4.5%) in the exercise group, which indicates that exercise had a positive influence on femur bone mineral density and bone mineral content. The supplementation of calcium did not significantly affect spine and femoral BMC and BMD for the 3 weeks experimental period. It can be concluded that when calcium intake meets the recommended, exercise is beneficial for acquisition of spine bone mineral density in young growing female rats. (J Community Nutrition 4(3) : 195∼201, 2002)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.373-379
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• 2005

This study was performed to determine the effect of isoflavone on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in growing male rats. Twenty male, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to groups, that underwent 9 weeks of experi-ental treatment. Animals were assigned to one of two diet groups (casein group or casein supplemented with isoflavones). During 9 week of the study, food consumption was determined every other day through the measurement of total food given subtracting the food uneaten from original amount given. Rats in two experimental groups had similar initial body weights. At the end of experiment, however, the casein group had significantly greater body weights compared to casein supplemented with isoflavones group. It was also observed that the casein group had greater food intake comared to casein supplemented with isoflavones group. The difference in the final body weights of the groups was therefore due to difference in amount of food ingested, but could be due to the effect of isoflavones. Total BMD, spine BMD, and spine BMC per weight and femoral BMD per weight were significantly greater in casein supplemented with isolaones group than casein group. ALP and osteocalcin were significantly greater in the casein-fed group. Crosslink value was significantly lower in the casein supplemented with isoflavones group, All other variables were statistically similar between two groups. Overall, it can be concluded that casein supplemented with isoflavones beneficial for acquisition of bone mineral density and content on growing male rats.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.260-265
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• 2015

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the bone-conserving effects of Rubus coreanus-Cheonggukjang (RC-CGJ) supplemented with more intensified phytochemicals compared to general Cheonggukjang (CGJ) in growing rats. Eighteen rats were divided into 3 treatment groups (Control, CGJ, and RC-CGJ) and were given experimental diets for 9 weeks. All of the rats in this study were fed a AIN-93G-based diet. Both CGJ groups were fed with 33.1% CGJ and RC-CGJ powder, respectively. The results of this study indicate that weight gain, mean food intake, and food efficiency ratio were not significantly different by the experimental diets among all groups. Spine bone mineral density (BMD) and femur BMD were not significantly different by the experimental diets. Spine bone mineral content (BMC) was significantly higher in the RC-CGJ and CGJ groups than in the control group, regardless of CGJ type. The femur BMC of the CGJ supplemented group was significantly higher compared with the control group and the RC-CGJ group. Compared with the control group, spine BMD and femur BMD per weight were markedly increased in the RC-CGJ and CGJ group regardless of CGJ type. Also, spine BMC per weight was significantly higher in the RC-CGJ group than in the CGJ group. However, femur BMC per weight was significantly higher in the CGJ group than in the RC-CGJ group. It can be concluded that RC-CGJ and CGJ supplemented diets have more beneficial effects on spine and femur peak bone mass in growing rats.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.278-286
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• 2015

The overall purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang on the lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activities of liver tissue in growing male rats fed cholesterol. Twenty seven rats were divided into three treatment groups (Control, Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang) and were given experimental diets with 1% cholesterol for 9 weeks. All rats in this study were fed a casein-based diet. Chunggukjang groups were fed diet containing 33.1% Chunggukjang powder. The Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang groups showed significantly lower weight gain, food efficiency ratio than the control group regardless of Chunggukjang type. Serum total cholesterol was significantly lower in the Chunggukjang group than in the control group, whereas serum triglyceride and atherogenic index were significantly lower in the Greentea-Chunggukjang group than in the control group. Hepatic triglyceride contents was not significantly different among the diets. However, hepatic cholesterol content was significantly lower in the Greentea-Chunggukjang group than in the control group. Lipid peroxidation of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents was significantly lower in the Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang groups than in the control group. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) in liver tissue of the Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang groups were not significantly different. It can be concluded that Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang influence lipid profile and hepatic malondialdehyde contents in growing male rats fed cholesterol.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.338-346
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• 2006

The overall purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of level of isoflavones supplementation on bone metabolism in growing female rats. The effects of level of isoflavones supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were inspected in this study. Forty-five rats divided into three groups: Casein, $^1/{_2}IF$, IF. The serum and urine concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were determined. BMD and BMC were estimated by using PIXImus (GE Lunar Co, Wisconsin.) in spine and femur on 3, 6, 9 weeks after feeding. This study of results were as follows: The isoflavones supplementation level did not affect weight gain, mean food intake and food efficiency ratio. The serum concentration of calcium, phosphorus were not significantly different by different level of isoflavones supplementation. The urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion were not significantly different, too. Spine and femur BMD, BMC were not significantly increased by different level of isoflavones supplementation on 3 and 6 weeks after feeding. Spine BMD and spine BMC per weight, femur BMC per weight were significantly increased in the groups $^1/{_2}IF$ and IF at the ninth week after feeding, but there was no significant difference by different level of isoflavones supplementation. Spine BMD per weight and femur BMD per weight were significantly higher in the group of IF than in the group of Casein and $^1/{_2}IF$ at the ninth week after feeding. These results suggest that the group of IF with rich isoflavones supplementation was effective to the increase of BMD spine and femur in growing female rats, respectively.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary protein and exercise on bone mineral density and bone mineral content of growing male rats. Forty male, Sprague-Dawley rats(age 21 days) were assigned to four groups that underwent 9 weeks of experimental treatment. Animals were assigned to one of two exercise treatments (treadmill running or sedentary). The exercise and nonexercise group were fed a diet containing casein or soy with rich isoflavones (3.4mg/g protein). The exercise group ran on a rodent treadmill(speed of 15m/min for 30min) three days per week during the 9-week study period. All rats were fed an experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks. Total bone mineral density (BMD), total bone mineral content (BMC), total body calcium, spine BMD and BMC, and femur BMD and BMC were determined by using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (FIXI-mus, GE Lunar Radiation Cooperation, Madison, WI, USA). The soy diet group appears to have a significantly higher total BMD/weight and total BMC/ weight, spine BMD/weight, spine BMC/weight, femur BMD/weight and femur BMC/weight compared to the casein group in nonexercise and exercise. The exercise group had significantly greater total BMD/weight and BMC/ weight, spine BMD/weight and BMC/weight, femur BMD/weight and BMC/weight compared to the nonexercise group when the protein source was casein. The exercise combined soy group had significantly greater total BMD/weight and BMC/weight, spine BMD/weight and BMC/weight, femur BMD/weight and BMC/weight, compared to the exercise combined casein group. The results indicate that exercise had a positive influence on bone mineral density and bone mineral content and soy significantly affect on bone mineral density and bone mineral content for the 9 weeks experimental period. It can be concluded that exercise combined with a soy diet is most beneficial for acquisition of spine bone mineral density in young growing male rats. This convincing evidence suggests that a change in life style such as increasing exercise and consumption of soy protein is a practical strategy for significantly reducing the incidence of osteoporosis.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.68-73
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• 2008

This study was focused on whether or not isoflavones affect the increase in bone mineral density of growing females. Female Sprague-Dawley rats ($60{\pm}5\;g$) were randomly assigned to two groups and provided control diets (control group) or isoflavone-supplemented diet (IF group, 57.8 mg isoflavones/100 g diet) for 9 weeks in growing female rats. Measurements of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and Bone Mineral Content (BMC) on the experimental animals were executed in the $3^{rd}$, $6^{th}$, $9^{th}$ weeks. In result, there was no significant difference in spine BMD between the isoflavones supplemented group and the control group. But, the IF group tended to have higher BMD than the control group in between 3 and 9 experimental weeks, and the striking difference could be shown in the $6^{th}$ week of feeding. In case of femur BMD, the effects of added isoflavones appeared in the $6^{th}$ week of feeding, and it became intensified in the $9^{th}$ week of feeding to the extent that the BMD in the IF group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, isoflavone supplementation increased spine BMD per weight in the $6^{th}$ week of feeding, and affected the increase of femur BMD in the $9^{th}$ week. The result of the experiment implies that it affects positively the formation of spine and femur BMD of growing female rats. The study also suggests that the effects of isoflavone on the pattern of BMD formation might differ from the parts of bones.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.466-472
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary caffeine supplementation(0.033%/diet) on the plasma and liver lipid concentrations in rats. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats(body weight $200{\pm}10\;g$) were divided into two groups: the control group and the caffeine-supplemented group(0.033% caffeine-supplemented diet). All rats were fed an experimental diet, and deionized water was avaliable ad libitum for 6 weeks. Plasma lipid concentrations were measured with a commercial kit based on an enzymatic method, and liver lipid concentrations were measured using the Folch method. There were no significant differences in body weight gain, food intake or food efficiency ratio between the control and caffeine-supplemented group. The total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels as well as the AI(athrogenic index) were significantly higher in rats fed the caffeine diet(0.033%) than in those fed the control diet. There were no significant differences in the liver total cholesterol and triglyceride levels between the control and caffeine-supplemented groups. Therefore, it seems possible that caffeine(0.033 g/100 g diet) may increase the plasma lipid concentration level in growing rats.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.358-363
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• 2014

Herbs have active components that promote the growth rate of both animals and human. The KI-180 and KI-188 calcium food formulae contain Acanthopanacis cortex, Bombysis corpus and hoelen, seaweed calcium, chlorella extract, spirulina, colostrum powder, and other natural and functional components. We evaluated the growth-promoting effects of these formulae by analyzing the weight, femur and backbone, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, testosterone, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) of growing rats. Growing rats administered with KI-180 and KI-188 calcium showed the increase of body weight, body length, and femur weight and length of growing rats. In addition, administration of KI-180 and KI-188 calcium increased the alkaline phosphatase activity, the levels of osteocalcin and the growth hormones IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 of growing rats. The impact of KI-180 and KI-188 calcium on the physical development of growing rats suggests that the incorporation of these food formulae in the diets of growing children may promote the physical development.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.480-487
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• 1997

The present study was designed to examine how Ca intake contributes to the increase of peak bone mass with growing female rats. Weaned rats were fed experimental diets consisting in five levels of Ca; very low(0.1%), low(0.2%), moderate(0.5%), high(1.0%) and very high(1.5%) for 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bone growth, metabolism and Ca metabolism were determined. As for the rats fed for 4 weeks, the bone weight, length and breaking force and bone metabolism were not significantly affected by dietary Ca levels, whereas the current intakes of Ca were observed to have significantly affected the rats fed for 8 or 12 weeks with regard to the bone weight, length and breaking force and bone metabolism. The bone ash and Ca contents of the rats were affected by dietary Ca levels for the total period of feeding. It is suggested that dietary Ca itself affected the mineralization process either during the growth or later, although the resulting bone mass is not a linear function of dietary Ca content.