• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.145-155
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• 1993

A factorial experiment was conducted to determine the influence of phytate(0 or 10g/kg diet) and calcium (Ca)(3 or 10g/kg diet) intakes on Ca, P and Zn metabolism by growing female rats. Food intake and weight were similar for the all groups, however, phytate ingestion for six weeks depressed femur growth. The low Ca plus phytate group showed the lowest Ca content of total femur and this was related to a significant decrease of Ca retention. Phytate intake depressed zinc(Zn) absorption in the first metabolic collection. This inhibitory effect of phytate on Zn absorption was improved in the low Ca plus phytate group after several weeks. Impared Zn absorption however remained in the high Ca plus phytate group which was reflected in the lowest Zn content of femur, phytate intake with high Ca also depressed phosphorous(P) absorption and serum and urinary P. These adverse effects of phytate on Zn and P absorption when the dietary Ca was high could explain reduced femur weight despite the highest concentration of femur Ca(mg/g ash) in this group. Results suggest that phytate can adversely affect not only Ca metabolism but Zn and P utilization. Thus, for the normal bone growth when phytate intake is high, the ingesion of Ca, P, Zn and other minerals should be enhanced.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.279-288
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• 1998

This study explored the effect of calcium levels and/or ovariectomy on bone metabolism using female Sprague-Dawley weanling rats as a model . Rats received a low (0.1%) calcium diet for 8 weeks. The rats were then divided into three subgroups that were fed 0.1% ,0.5% and 1.5% calcium diets for 8 weeks after operation. The results of this experiment indicate that body weight gin was higher in ovariectomy groups than in sham groups regardless of calcium level and food intake. Serum Ca and P concentrations were of normal level regardless of calcium level and ovariectomy. Estrogen concentration was low in the ovariectomized group. Serum alkaline phophatase activity and urinary hydroxyproline have been used as markers of bone formation and resorption. These values were increased in ovariectomized groups. The weight, length and breaking force of femur were not significantly different between the groups. Ash, Ca, P and total lipid contents in femur and lumbar were decreased in the groups fed low calcium . Mg content was decreased in the ovariectomy and total protein content was not affected by calcium level and ovariectomy. The effect groups of ovarectomy on calcium contents of bone was more prominent in lumbar than in femur. In conclusion, though low calcium intakes during growth period may retard the attainment of peak bone mass, calcium supplementation after this period increased bone growth and mineral contents, but not significant effect in three calcium levels. Furthermore, calcium intake was shown to have a greater influence on the mineral contents of femur than of lumbar, and removal of endogenous estrogen production by ovariectomy was shown to be more deleterious on the ash and calcium contents of the lumbar than of femur.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2011

We investigated the effect of a lactic acid extract of Sargassum horneri (ExSL) as a calcium supplement on bone formation in 48 female Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 weeks of their growth phase. The rats were divided into four groups based on diet: two calcium-sufficient and two calcium-deficient diets. The normal control group (NC) was fed AIN-93G; the NCS group was fed the same diet containing 1% extract; the calcium-deficient control (DC) diet was based on AIN-93G; and the DCS group received the same calcium-deficient diet plus 1% extract. Bone formation in the rats was evaluated using the wet weight, length, diameter, and bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur. Serum parameters were also examined. The food intake among the groups did not differ significantly (P<0.05). The NCS group gained the most body weight, while the DC group gained much less weight than the other groups. The feeding efficiencies of the groups that received the extract (NCS and DCS) were slightly higher than those of the control groups (NC and DC). The calcium intakes of all groups depended on the amount of calcium in the feed; the NCS and DCS diets contained 12.15 mg more calcium than the NC and DC diets. The calcium absorption was lower in NCS than in DC and DCS, but significantly higher than in NC (P<0.05). The BMDs in the calcium-sufficient groups were not significantly different (P<0.05), while in the calcium-deficient groups the BMD was significantly higher in DCS than in DC (P<0.05). The serum calcium and phosphorus levels in all groups were not associated with markers of bone growth related to the extract. The osteocalcin content and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity were higher in the calcium-deficient groups than in the normal groups (P<0.05). Ultimately, the osteocalcin content and ALPase activity were lower in DCS compared to DC. These results suggest that the addition of ExSL promotes bone formation and calcium absorption in growing rats.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.601-607
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• 2002

The present study was designed to examine how sea tangle intake contributes to the content of bone calcium and breaking force of femur with growing female rats. Weaned rats were fed on experimental diets consisting in four levels of sea tangle powder; $0\%$ (control), $0.5\%$, $1.0\%$ and $1.5\%$ for 4 and 8 weeks. Body weight gain and feed intake were not significantly affected by added amount of sea tangle. Bone breaking strength, ash content and calcium levels of the femur of rats fed on diets with sea tangle were higher than those of control groups (p<0.05). But moisture content weight and length of femur did not show any significant difference among groups. TP, ALB, TC, TG, AIP, osteocalcin, GOT and GPT levels in serum did not show any significant difference through the total feeding period but calcium and phosphorus contents of serum increased with increase in feeding period, significantly in $0.05\%$ level by added amounts of sea tangle. Calcium levels in feces increased significantly (P<0.05), but ash levels were not changed significantly by added amount of sea tangle. We could expect from this results that the ingestion of sea tangle (Kjellemaniella crassifolia) could be helpfull to increase bone calcium content and calcium absorption as well as to intensify the femur stength and to increase the calcium content of rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2015

Purpose: This study examined the effects of combined intervention of isoflavones and exercise on bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and biochemical bone markers. Methods: Forty rats were divided into four groups; Control, Isoflavones (IF), Isoflavones + Running (IFR), and Isoflavones + Swimming (IFS). All of the rats in this study were fed an experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for nine weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were estimated using PIXImus (GE Lunar Co, Wisconsin.) in spine and femur nine weeks after feeding or training. Results: The combined intervention did not affect weight gain, mean food intake, or food efficiency ratio. The serum concentrations of ALP and osteocalcin were not significantly different by combined intervention. The urinary DPD crosslinks values were not significantly different by combined intervention. There were no significant differences in serum PTH, calcitonin, and estradiol among all groups. Spine BMD, spine BMC and femur BMC were not significantly different by combined intervention. However, femur BMD was significantly higher in the IFR group than in the control group. Compared with the control group, spine BMD, spine BMC, and femur BMD per weight were markedly increased in the isoflavones supplementation and combined intervention group. In addition, femur BMC per weight was significantly higher in the IFS group than in the control group. Compared with the isoflavones supplemented group, BMD and BMC were not significantly different by combined intervention. Conclusion: It can be concluded that isoflavones supplementation or combined intervention of isoflavone and exercise had a beneficial effect on spine and femur peak bone mass in growing female rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.645-654
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• 2004

This study examined the effect of excess calcium (Ca) on the iron (Fe) bioavailability and bone growth of marginally Fe deficient animals. Two groups of weanling female SD rats were fed either normal Fe (35 ppm) or Fe deficient diet (8 ppm) for 3 weeks. Then each group of animals were assigned randomly to one of three groups and were fed one of six experimental diets additionally for 4 weeks, containing normal (35 ppm) or low (15 ppm) Fe and one of three levels of Ca as normal (0.5%), high (1.0%), or excess (1.5%). Feces and urine were collected during the last 3 days of treatment. After sacrifice blood, organs, and femur bone were collected for analysis. Final body weight and average food intake were not affected by either the levels of dietary Ca or Fe. Low Fe diet significantly reduced the level of serum ferritin, however, for Hb, Hct, and TIBC no difference was shown than those in the normal Fe group. TIBC increased slightly by high and excess Ca intake in low Fe groups. For both normal and low Fe groups, high and excess Ca intakes reduced the apparent absorption of Fe and Fe contents of liver significantly (p < 0.05). Calcium contents in kidney and Femur of rats that were fed high and excess levels of Ca were significantly greater than those of normal Ca groups. However, weight, length, and breaking force of the bone were not affected by increased Ca intakes. Both in control and low Fe groups, high and excess intakes of Ca decreased the apparent absorption of Ca. These results indicate that the excess intakes of calcium than the normal needs would be undesirable for Fe bioavailability and that the adverse effects be more serious in marginally iron deficient growing animals. In addition bone growth and strength would not be favorably affected by high Ca intakes, though, the long term effect of increased Ca contents in bone requires further examination.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 1970

Korea is one of the typical rice eating countries where availability of animal protein is limited even for the growing generation. Nutritive food products for infants and children are not available commercially in large scale at the present time, although a limited amount of expensive milk products are produced. The present study deals with a pioneering attempt on a new food mixture to meet this demand. Several food mixtures, possibly produced in the country, consisting of rice, soybean, FPC, vitamin, minerals and other food additives are developed in this work Sixty female and male rats aged $30{\sim}40$ days were divided into five groups, twelve rats each. The rats had been maintained with the six different diets, as follow. Formulation of proposed infant food mixturesComposition F-R-1 F-S-2 F-F-3 F-P-4 S Rice 100% 40% 37% 46% 70% Sugar - 12 13 10 70 Casein - - - - 20 Bean - 40 37 24 - Yeast - 3 2 3 - Mineral Vitamain - 2 4 2 4.3 F.P.C - 3 4 7 - Fat - - 4 8 4 Cod liver Oil - - - - 3 The findings of this study presented in FER, PER, final organ weights, body weights growth, percentage of nitrogen retention in the body. F-P-4 group tended to remain the heaviest and F-R-1 the lightest in the body weight among three groups throughout the experimental period. In terms of FER (Feed Efficiency Ratio) and PER (Prortein E. R.) value, F-P-4 group kept the highest record throughout. F-P-4 group showed the highest value of nitrogen retention in the body. In comparision between F-P-4 groups and casein 20% group (standard) in all respects of this experiment, F-P-4 group which is the most superior among experimental group, revealed statisfically no significant inferior than that of standard group. This fact could be interpreted that most limiting a. a., methionine in the soy protein produced little inferiority of the experimental groups in the study.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.217-228
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• 1995

The study was designed to investigate the effects of progesterone on the reproductive system. This investigation was performed by immunohistochemical methods using anti-bromodeoxyuridine-antibody following bromodeoxyuridine(Brdur) injection for labeling proliferating cells in the uterus and ovary of rats. Sixteen female rats(Wistar), weighing initially 300g, were randomly allotted into ovariectomized and unovariectomized large groups. These two large groups were subdivided into three subgroups of control, 3-day and 6-day groups, respectively. 3-days and 6-days group were injected with 1mg of progesterone/rat/day for 3 or 6 days, respectively. In gross findings, the uterus of ovariectomized groups markedly atrophied, and were not hypertrophied by progesterone injection for 3 days or 6 days and the uterus of unovariectomized groups also were not hypertrophied. Labeling index(LI, %) was measured by counting the number of Brdur-positive cells from 300 to 3,000 cells per layer in the uterus tissue. The average LI of the uterus in unovariectomized groups was higher than that of ovariectomized groups. The subgroups with higher LI in unovariectomized groups were ordered as 6-day group, 3-day group. So progesterone considerably effected to the proliferating of the cells in the uterus of unovariectomized groups. The layers with higher LI in the uterus wall were ordered as the functional zone of endometrium, epithelial layer of endometrium, basal zone of endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium. The cell types with higher LI in the uterus of unovariectomized groups were ordered as the surface epithelial cells, stromal cells, glandular epithelial cells and muscle cells. Growing follicles with proliferating cells from secondary and tertiary follicles in the ovary of unovariectomized groups appeared to be 37.66% in control group, 39.23% in 3-day groups, 39.47% in 6-day groups. Mature follicles in the ovary were more number in control group than those in 3-day groups but not appeared in 6-day groups. So progesterone not nearly effects to the number of the growing follicles but appeared to be related to suppression of the development and protrusion of the mid-tertiary and mature follicles on the ovary surface. The cell types with higher LI in the ovary of unovariectomized groups were respectively ordered as granulosa cells, theca interns cells in secondary follicles; theca interna cells, granulosa cells, theca externa cells in tertiary follicles; fibroblasts, theca in terns cells in atretic follicles; fibroblasts, luteal cells in corpus luteum.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.319-325
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• 1984

This experiment aims to observe the nutritive value of blood sausages by manufacturing three kinds of them in order to utilize various by-products of swine when it is processed. In attempt to do so, five different diets were made: one control diet and four diets in which three kinds of blood sausages(blood sausage-1 was made with sausage meat 10%, fat 40%, blood 20%, skin 20% and liver 2%. blood sausage-2 was made with ham meat 30%, fat 20%, blood 20%, liver 2% and skin 20%. blood sausage-3 was made with smoked ham patch 30%, fat 20%, blood 20%, liver 2% and skin 20%) and mixed sausage(sausage meat 20%, fat 10% and fish meat 35%) were mixed with control diet at the rates of 10% respectively. These diets were fed to growing male and female albino rats for 6 weeks. The results obtained through this study are summarized as follows. In body weight gain of male rats, blood sausage-1 and 2 groups were significantly higher than mixed sausage group during the experimental period, and in that of female rats, control group and blood sausage-1 group were similar, but the other groups were lower than control group. Food intake was different in each group every week, but the amount of that was similar to each one throughout all experimental period. Food efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio in male were similar in each group, but slightly different in female during the feeding period. Liver weights of male in mixed sausage group and blood sausage-3 group were lower than those in control group and blood sausage-2 group, but liver weight of female in blood sausage-2 group was lower than that in control group. And all groups were similar in liver weight per 100 g of body weight. Mixed sausage group and blood sausage-1 group were lower than control group in kidney weight of male, and blood sausage-1 group was lower than control group in kidney weight of female. Kidney weight per 100 g of body weight of male showed that blood sausage-1 group was lower than the other groups. Spleen weight was similar in all groups. Hematocrit and hemoglobin contents in blood, total protein, albumin, albumin/globulin ratio, total lipid and total cholesterol contents in serum were showed almost similar in all groups.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.341-348
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• 2011

Sloan-Kettering virus gene product of a cellular protooncogene c-Ski is an unique nuclear pro-oncoprotein and belongs to the Ski/Sno proto-oncogene family. Ski plays multiple roles in a variety of cell types, it can induce both oncogenic transformation and terminal muscle differentiation when expressed at high levels. The aim of the present study was to locate Ski protein in rat ovaries in order to predict the possible involvement of Ski in follicular development and atresia. First, expression of c-Ski mRNA in the ovaries of adult female rats was confirmed by RT-PCR. Then, ovaries obtained on the day of estrus were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for Ski and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in combination with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL). Ski was expressed in granulosa cells that were positive for TUNEL, but negative for PCNA, regardless of the shape and size of follicles. Expression of Ski in TUNEL-positive granulosa cells, but not in PCNA-positive granulosa cells, was also verified in immature hypophysectomized rats having a single generation of developing and atretic follicles by treatment with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). These results indicate that Ski is profoundly expressed in the granulosa cells of atretic follicles, but not in growing follicles, and suggest that Ski plays a role in apoptosis of granulosa cells during follicular atresia.