• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.262-271
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to estimate shear bond strength according to difference in Targis surface treatment and storage condition. 140 non-carious extracted human molars and Targis D210(Ivoclar, Liechtenstein) were used in the present study and were divided into 7 experimental groups respectively according to surface treatment of Targis. Group 1 ; No treatment, Group 2 ; $50{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide blasting, Group 3 ; 4% HF etching for 3 minutes, Group 4 ; 4% HF etching after blasting, Group 5 ; silane treatment after blasting, Group 6 ; silane treatment after 4% HF etching, Group 7 ; silane treatment after blasting and 4% HF etching. In Each group, one half of 20 specimens was stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours and the other half was stored at atmosphere for 24 hours respectively. Dentin surface was etched with 10% $H_3PO_4$ for 15 seconds and luting cement(Variolink II, Vivadent, Liechtenstein) was applied by manufacturer's recommendation. Shear bond strength for each group was then measured. To examine the failure patterns after shear bond test and to observe the change after surface treatment of Targis. Specimens were fabricated and observed under the SEM. Statistical analysis was performed by One Way ANOVA test and t-test. The results were as follows ; 1. The shear bond strength of the groups stored in water significantly lower than that of groups stored at atmosphere (P<0.05). 2. There was no significant difference in shear bond strength in groups stored in water (P>0.05). 3. The shear bond strength without surface treatment of Targis were lowest among all experimental groups in atmosphere condition(P<0.05). 4. There was no significant difference in bond strength between groups using the silane or not(P>0.05). 5. The groups treated by blasting, hydrofluoric acid and silane sequentially showed highest bond strength than that of other groups in atmosphere condition, but there was no significant difference(P>0.05). 6 The proportions of the specimens showing the mixed fracture failure were 20% in HF etching group and blasting + HF group, 40% in blasting + HF + silane group in atmosphere condition. All the specimens stored in water showed adhesive fracture failure.

• 종양간호연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.11-21
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• 2005

The purpose of this study were to develop an web-based education program for Lung cancer patients and to test its effects on patients' self-care knowledge, compliance to medical regimen, nutrition status and pain. The program was developed by the following process: first, Lung cancer patients demand on the web-based program was investigated. and second, the program was developed with the help of various reference books and then validation of experts group. last, educations effects on the patients is evaluated and compared the differences in self-care knowledge, compliance to medical regimen, nutrition status and pain between on experimental group and a control group on before discharge 1day and 3weeks after. SPSS/Win 11.0 program was used for data analysis. It was proven with $x^2$ test and t-test, and Pearson Correlation coefficient, and Chronbach's alpha coefficient were done for the reliability of measuring instruments. 1. The summary of the Program development is as follows. The program is based on patients' questionnaire and reference material and is made for users friendly. Not only Bigger font size and bright colors but also illustrations or pictures were adopted to help enhance patients' understanding. 2. The summary of the study results is as follows. 1) Compared with control group, the web-based educated experimental group showed a statistical significant difference on self-care knowledge, Especially disease, radiation treatment, medication & analgesics, chemotherapy side effect, but there was no significant difference in the field of chemotherapy, in the fields of operation, diet & general knowledge. 2) Compared with control group, the web-based educated experimental group showed a statistical significant difference on compliance to medical regimen, especially in the field of follow up care, everyday life, diet, but there was no significant difference in the field of medication, exercise. 3) Compared with control group, web-based educated experimental group showed no significant difference in nutrition status, but partially significant difference in body weight. 4) Compared with control group, the web-based educated experimental group showed no significant difference in pain level. 5) The significantly positive correalation self-care knowledge with the compliance to medical regimen. 6) Users satisfaction with the web-based education program of the contents quality, the level of recommendation to others, content layout, medical information quality, but interesting got a low mark.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.1267-1272
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• 2002

The present research was undertaken to monitor the effects of restricted and ad. libitum feeding during last trimester of pregnancy on the performance of crossbred dairy cows and their calves. For this purpose two groups of crossbred cows having eight animals in each group were put into two plane of nutrition during their last three months of pregnancy. Dietary energy level in one group was calculated as per Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, (MAFF, UK) and the cows on other group received ad. libitum feeding (concentrate level similar to MAFF, recommendation+ad. libitum roughage). After calving, the cows of both groups were given same diet (ad. libitum) to study the effect of feeding during pregnancy on subsequent lactation performance of the cows. It was observed that during pre-calving period cows on ad. libitum feeding gained significantly (p<0.05) more body weight than that of cows on restricted feeding ($38.50{\pm}6.04$ vs $21.37{\pm}8.04kg/cow$). There was no significant differences between the birth weight of calves of restricted ($21.31{\pm}2.18kg$) and ad. libitum ($20.31{\pm}3.27kg$) groups. Dietary energy intake of ad. libitum group ($50.22{\pm}4.24$ MJ ME/d/cow) was significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of restricted group ($39.76{\pm}1.03$ MJ ME/d/cow). During lactation period cows that were on restricted feeding produced little more milk (3.06 lit/cow/day), than that of the cows on ad. libitum feeding (2.84 lit/cow/day). Although growth rate of the calves of restricted group upto one month ($0.23{\pm}0.09kg/calf/d$) was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of ad. libitum group ($0.17{\pm}0.08kg/calf/d$) but after four months the growth rate of the calves of two groups become nearly similar ($0.35{\pm}0.02$ vs $0.37{\pm}0.03kg/calf/d$) and difference between them was non-significant. During lactation period cows of restricted group gained little weight but cows of ad. libitum group lost significantly (p<0.05) more weight. Per day metabolizable energy intake in both group during lactation period was nearly similar (67.54 vs 69.58 MJ ME). It is concluded that ad. libitum feeding during last trimester of pregnancy is neither economic for getting maximum milk yield nor for calf growth rate and MAFF, recommended level of dietary energy during that period could be applied on our pregnant crossbred dairy cows.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.503-510
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount of transportation of original canal, zip formation, permanent deformation and fracture of instruments after canal enlargement. In this study, the 60 resin blocks that have curved canals were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups with 20 teeth each according to instrument types and filling methods for canal enlargement. The curved canals of each experimental groups were enlarged to No 40 ISO size with the K-flexo stainless steel file (Group 1), Engine-driven Ni-Ti Profile new series(Group 2) and Engine-driven Ni-Ti Quantec 2000 series(Group 3) according to the manufacturer's recommendation. Pre- and postoperative X-rays were taken at same position and the films were scanned and the canal images were traced to determine the canal curvature according to the method of Schneider. The amount of reduction in canal curvature were calculated between pre- and postoperative X-rays. In addition to zip formation, permanent deformation and fracture of instruments were examined after canal enlargement. The results were as follows : 1. All experimental groups showed some loss of canal curvature after instrumentation. There was a significant change in curvature between before and after instrumentation in each group(p<0.001). 2. Engine-driven Ni-Ti instrumentations resulted in an average loss of curvature of 2.36 degrees for Profile new series, 3.43 degrees for Quantec series, and hand instrumentation showed an average loss of curvature of 6.48 degrees for K-flexo file. There was a statistical significant difference between hand instrumentation and engine-driven Ni-Ti instrumentations(p<0.05). But there was no statistical difference between Profile new series and Quantec series. 3. There were many apical zip formations in group 1(Hand instrumentation). But there were no apical zip formations in group 2,3(Engine-driven Ni-Ti instrumentation). 4. The instrument deformation occured 9 cases in group 1(K-flexo file), 2 cases in group 2(Profile new series) and 3 cases in group 3(Quantec) after instrumentation. And the instrument fracture occured 1 case in each group. The results showed that the engine-driven Ni-Ti instruments, if we use carefully according to manufacturer's recommendations, can be use effectively for instrumenting the curved root canals in case of the MAF was over size 40.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.15-26
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• 1980

The main purposes of the nutrition and clinical surveys were to provide baseline information on the nutritional status of pre-school children in rural health demonstration project areas of the Korea Health Development Institute (KHDI) for nutrition guidance services for the MCH target group. The survey covered a total of 222 pre-school children and 135 mothers in Okgu Gun, Cholla Pukto Province from August 10 to August 17, 1979. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1) Family Environment Seventy percent of the households had more than three children, and the mean family sire was 6. Sixty-nine percent of the mothers and 47% of the fathers of the surveyed households were educated at or below the primary school level. The majority, 70% of the mothers, were aged between 20 years and 35 years. 2) Anthropometric Measurements and Hemoglobin Value 4.5% of the children were lower than 80% weight for age of the Korean standard, and 5.4% were lower than 85% arm circumference for age of the Jelliffe's standard resectively, and those were suffering from protein-energy malnutrition. Angular stomatitis were observed on 66.2% of the subjects. Mean hemoglobin value was 11.1g/100m1, and 44.2% of the subjects were categorized as anaemia. 3) Food and Nutrient Intake of animal foods was very low, ranging from 2.9 to 17%. Consumption of eggs was less than 2% of total food intake, and intake of legumes was also very scanty, between 0.8 to 3.7%. These data present evidence of very poor protein intake, quality as well as quantity. Energy intake of children was 60.0 to 64.4% of the recommended allowance, and mean protein intake only met 47.4% of the recommendation. Low intake of vitamins except thiamin were also found. 4) Mother's Nutrition Knowledge Eighty-five percent of the mothers were entirely ignorant regarding the 'five basic food group' which is most important fact on food and nutrition guidance. Mean knowledge score from 14 basic questions about food and nutrition was as low as 5.1. There was a significant positive correlation between mother's educational level and nutrition knowledge score. 5) Family Planning Variable There were significant correlation among maternal, family planning variables, and some of the nutritional and physical measurements. The study revealed that the mother's educational level and nutrition knowledge score are more crucial factors than the family planning variables on effecting food intakes on children. Recommendation : According to the results of the surveys, there were high incident rates of nutritional anaemia and angular stomatitis among pre-school children, and most of rural women had very limited knowledge about food and nutrition. As a main part of the health education activities, the community health workers should provide nutrition education to the village mothers to improve the nutrional status of young children in rural areas. Nutrional promotion at the primary health care level should be mainly based on appropriate nutrition education.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.3163-3167
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• 2014

Background: Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) plus radiotherapy is equivalent to modified radical mastectomy (MRM) in terms of outcome. However there is wide variation in mastectomy rates dependent both on tumour and patient characteristics. Objective: This study aimed to assess the determinants of surgery choice in Asian patients with early breast cancer in a middle-income country. Materials and Methods: 184 patients with early breast cancer treated between Jan 2008 and Dec 2010 were recruited to complete a questionnaire. Chi-square test was used to analyze the association between surgery choice and demographic and tumour factors, surgeon recommendation, family member and partner opinions, fear of recurrence, avoidance of second surgery, fear of disfigurement, interference with sex life, fear of radiation and loss of femininity. Results: 85 (46%) had BCS while 99 (54%) had mastectomy. Age >60, Chinese ethnicity, lower education level, and larger tumour size were significantly associated with mastectomy. Surgeon recommendation was important in surgery choice. Although both groups did not place much importance on interference with sex life, 14.1% of the BCS group felt it was very important compared to 5.1% in the mastectomy group and this was statistically significant. There was no statistical difference between the two groups in terms of the other factors. When analyzed by ethnicity, significantly more Malay and Indian women considered partner and family member opinions very important and were more concerned about loss of femininity compared to Chinese women. There were no statistical differences between the three ethnic groups in terms of the other factors. Conclusions: When counseling on surgical options, the surgeon has to take into account the ethnicity, social background and education level, age and reliance on partner and family members. Decision-making is usually a collective effort rather than just between the patient and surgeon, and involving the whole family into the process early is important.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.73-89
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• 2008

Objectives: This research was conducted to suggest a recommendation for the Korean credentialing policy of health education specialist as the primary human resource in community health promotion activities from the special group perspective of the Korean Society for Health Education and Promotion. Methods: This research was conducted by the professional focus group discussion and descriptive literature review on health education and promotion. Results: This draft recommendation for Korean credentialing system development of health education specialist was based on the four background reasons for modifying health promotion related acts, for developing better policy of health education credentialing, for keeping the public and ethical responsibilities as the competitive professional society, and for improving health promotion activities in Korea. Theoretical background of the four reasons was Ottawa Charter. We classified three credentialing levels of health education specialist based on health education own competencies, coordiating competencies with environmental factors, and research competencies. Furthermore, we developed 10 major roles and categorized 53 sub-roles based on these competencies above. We recommended 10 classes required to take to become Health Education Specialist. These 10 classes were developed based on the credentialing systems in the United States and Japan. These 10 classes were about health education and promotion methods and strategies not health intervention topics. We also built the draft plan for continuing education to keep KCHES based on the NCHEC in the United States. Conclusions: Further research should be conducted to build better health education specialist credentialing systems modifing current communtiy-based health promotion activities in terms of modifying public regulation, developing KCHEC examination system, protecting job security both in public and private sectors, and creating professionalism in KCHEC.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.185-206
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• 2021

Objectives: The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacopuncture treatment for insomnia disorder to derive clinical evidence and recommendation grades. Methods: Studies that verified effects of pharmacopuncture on primary insomnia were included. Characteristics and quality of included studies were assessed using Risk of Bias (RoB). Results: A total of 25 studies were selected. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and effective rate were primarily used for outcome measurement. Vitamin B12 was the most used pharmacopuncture material. The most frequently used acupuncture point was Anmian (Ex-HN). The volume of the acupuncture solution ranged from 0.25 mL to 2 mL. Acupuncture treatment depth was 0.5 cm to 2 cm. In three studies, the procedure was performed at 16:00. Meta-analysis of studies revealed that the effective rate of the pharmacopuncture group was significantly higher than the group using sleeping pills group (RR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.45, p=0.04, I²=69%). PSQI was decreased in the intervention group (MD=-2.19, 95% CI: -2.90 to -1.48, p<0.00001, I²=0%). Effective rates of pharmacopuncture and acupuncture groups were higher than that of the acupuncture group (RR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.17, p=0.0002, I²=0%). PSQI was decreased in the intervention group (MD=-1.87, 95% CI: -2.36 to -1.38, p<0.00001, I²=0%). Although the effectiveness rate of the pharmacopuncture group was not significantly higher than that of the acupuncture group (RR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.27, p=0.1, I²=9%), the PSQI was decreased in the pharmacopuncture group (MD=-2.10, 05% CI: -3.29 to -0.91, p=0.0005, I²=34%). The quality of clinical studies was poor. Conclusions: Based on results of this study, it is proper to use 0.5 to 2 mL of pharmacopuncture solution such as Danshen and Ciwujia with a depth of 0.5 to 2 cm at around 4 p.m. to treat insomnia disorder, focusing on Anmian (Ex-HN) and Sameumgyo (SP6).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.292-300
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• 1993

연구배경 : 흡연으로 인한 건강의 위해를 줄이기위한 금연운동의 일환으로 의사의 금연권고에 대한 환자의 순응도와 효율성을 알아보기 위해 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법 : 1989년 1월부터 1990년 말까지 2년간 부산 대동 병원 내과에서 통원 치료한 환자 남자 922명, 여자 1059명 도합 1981명을 대상으로 해서 흡연 양상과 의사 권고에 의한 금연 성공률을 조사해 보았다. 결과: 1) 남자 환자에서 현 흡연률은 64.43%, 비흡연자는 27.00%, 기금연자는 8.57% 이었다. 20세이하군에선 흡연률이 36.11% 이였다. 2) 여자 환자에선 현흡연률이 겨우 2.83%, 비흡연자는 96.79%, 기금연자는 0.38% 이였다. 20세 이하군에선 흡연자가 1명도 없었다. 3) 일일 흡연량은 남자에서 10개 이하가 2.69%, 11~20개가 39.23%, 21~39개가 46.30%, 40개 이상이 11.78% 이였으며, 20세 이하에서는 각기 11.54%, 61.54%, 23.08%, 3.84%로서 흡연량이 약간 적었다. 여자에선 흡연자수가 겨우 30명으로 너무 적었으나 각기 3.33%, 60.00%, 30.00%, 6.67% 이였다. 4) 계통적 질환군별 흡연 양상은 여자는 대상수효가 너무 적어서 제외하고 남자만에서 보았는데 기금연자가 호흡기계에서는 15.21%로서 타군에서 4.35%내지 8.11% 인데 비해서 월등히 높았고 (p<0.001), 현 흡연자는 순환기계 질환자군이 81.08%로 가장 높았다 (p=0.23), 소화기계 질환자군이 68.93%로 그 다음이고 호흡기계 질환자군은 60.84% 이었다. 흡연량에 있어서는 호흡기계 질환자군에서 하루에 40개 이상 흡연자가 16.25%로 가장 많았고 (p<0.05), 그 다음이 소화기계 질환자군으로 13.01% 이였다. 5) 금연 성공률은 흡연자로서 3개월 이상 계속 치료하는 자 중에서 여자는 제외했고 남자에서만 보았는데, 총체적으로 62.03% 이였으며 각 연령군별로 큰 차이는 없었으나, 41~60세군에서 75%로 가장 높았다 (p=0.19). 계통적 질병군별로는 호흡기계 질환군에서 78.13% (p<0.03) 인데 비해서 소화기계 질환군에선 41.94%로서 가장 저율이였다. 결론 : 이상을 총괄하면 종합병원 내과에서 통원 치료하는 환자들에서 남여 각기 현 흡연률은 일반인에서와 비슷하였다. 담당 의사의 권유에 의한 금연 성공률은 제한된 소수관찰대상자라는 특수조건이 있지만 과반수 이상의 순응도를 보였으므로 의사의 금연 설득이 상당한 효과를 보였다고 하겠다. 그리고 3개월 이상 치료를 계속하지 않아서 제외된 환자들에 대해서도 금연에 대한 일반 계몽교육이상의 효과는 있었을 것으로 추측된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.336-347
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• 2000

Statement of problem. Luster loss in esthetic anterior ceromer restoration can occur and can be related with rough surface texture. Understanding durability of surface finishing methods like polishing and surface coating have critical importance. Purpose. This study evaluated the effect of tooth brushing and thermal cycling on surface luster of 3 ceromer systems (Artglass, Targis, Sculpture) treated with different surface finishing methods. Material and methods. Seventy-two samples were prepared: 12 for control group Z100, 12 for Artglass, 24 for Targis, and 24 for Sculpture. Half of the Targis and Sculpture were polished according to the manufacturer's recommendation. The rest of the samples were coated with staining and glazing solution for Targis and Sculpture, respectively. All specimens were subjected to 10,000 cycles between $5^{\circ}C\;and\;55^{\circ}C$ with 30 seconds dwell time. Tooth brushing abrasion tests were performed in a customized tooth brushing machine with 500g back and forth for 20,000 cycle. Luster comparisons were based on grading after direct observation, and light reflection area was measured with Image analysis software. Results. All materials showed an decrease in luster grade after thermal cycling and tooth brushing. The post-tooth brushing results revealed that the glazed Sculpture had greater mean luster grade than did any other groups. While, the stained Targis group showed greatest changes after tooth brushing (p < 0.05), polished Targis and Sculpture did not show significant changes. However, glazed Sculpture showed discretely fallen out glaze resin. Conclusion. From the results of this study, all of the ceromer specimens were much glossy than control composite group after tooth brushing. coatings used for Targis and Sculpture had not durability for long term use.