• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.45-51
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• 2005

The sorption/desorption characteristics of phenanthrene on the natural manganese oxide (NMD) were investigated in the presence of phenolic compounds. 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) was effectively oxidized by NMD catalyzed reaction and transformed into humic-like macromolecular compound through inter-or cross-coupling reaction between byproducts. As 4-CP was degraded with time, sorbed amount of phenanthrene on NMD was significantly increased, resulting from the formation of oxidative coupling products. These results imply that NMD can be used for simultaneous treatment of phenolic contaminants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils, sediments, or water. Also, sorbed phenanthrene on NMD in the presence of 4-CP showed high degree of desorption resistance, indicating that sequestration process of phenanthrene was ongoing with time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.116-121
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• 1997

Pilot wetland reactor systems to test acid mine drainage treatment efficiencies for metals were designed and operated at the Dalsung mine and surveyed the operating problems. pH and Eh (redox potential) were measured in situ and anayses of Cd, Pb, As, Zn, Cu, Fe, Al and Mn were carried out in the laboratory. Maximum metal removal efficiencies of the reactor containing the rice stalks, the cow manure and limestones were that Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Al, Mn and Pb were lowered by 98%, 100%, 99%, 100%, 97%, 61% and 100%, respectively and at that time the pH and Eh of the effluents from the reactor were 6 and about -300 mV. However, the redox potential was raised and removal of metal elements except aluminium was decreased with operation time. It suggests that the reduced condition is very important for the metal removal. During the operation, problems such as scaling in pipes and volume change of the substrate within the reactor occurred, which were preventing the flow of main drainage in pipes and reactor.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.28-36
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• 2015

Simultaneous mobility reduction of explosives and heavy metals in an operational range by monopotassium phosphate (MKP) and bentonite spreading technology was investigated. Potassium ion and phosphate ion in MKP act as explosives sorption enhancer and insoluble heavy metal phosphate formation, respectively, while bentonite acts as the explosives adsorbent. Then, the decrease in surface water concentration of the pollutants and resulting risk reduction for local residents of the operational range, by MKP/bentonite application was estimated. Under untreated scenario, the noncancer hazard index (HI) exceeded unity on February, July and August, mainly due to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT); however, MKP/bentonite treatment was expected to lower the noncancer hazard index by decreasing the surface water concentration of explosives and heavy metals (especially TNT). For example, on July, estimated surface water concentration and HI of TNT were 0.01 mg/L and 1.1, respectively, meanwhile the sorption coefficient of TNT was 3.9 mg¹⁻ⁿkg⁻¹Lⁿ. However, by MKP/bentonite treatment, the TNT sorption coefficient increased to 113.8 mg¹⁻ⁿkg⁻¹Lⁿ and the surface water concentration and HI decreased to about 0.002 mg/L and 0.2, respectively. Based on the result, it can be concluded that MKP/bentonite spreading is a benign technology that can mitigate the risk posed by the pollutants migration from operational ranges.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.73-81
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• 2013

Various remediation methods have been applied to clean soils contaminated with pollutants. They remove contaminants from the soils by utilizing physicochemical, biological, and thermal processes and can satisfy soil remediation standards within a limited time; however, they also have an effect on the biological functions of soils by changing soil properties. In this study, changes of the biological properties of soils before and after treatment with three frequently used remediation methods-soil washing, land farming, and thermal desorption-were monitored to investigate the effects of remediation methods on soil biological functions. Total microbial number and soil enzyme activities, germination rate and growth of Brassica juncea, biomass change of Eisenia andrei were examined the effects on soil microorganisms, plant, and soil organisms, respectively. After soil washing, the germination rate of Brassica juncea increased but the above-ground growth and total microbial number decreased. Dehydrogenase activity, germination rate and above-ground growth increased in both land farming and thermal desorption treated soil. Although the growth of Eisenia andrei in thermal desorption treated soil was higher than any other treatment, it was still lower than that in non-contaminated soil. These results show that the remediation processes used to clean contaminated soil also affect soil biological functions. To utilize the cleaned soil for healthy and more value-added purposes, soil improvement and process development are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.206-212
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• 1999

In order to evaluate the applicability of steel mill slag as a AMD (Acid Mine Drainage) neutralizer and to compare capacity of slag with that of limestone lab scale experiments were conducted. The fixed treatment experiments of AMD with slag and limestone separately for 24 hours under the stagnant condition showed that slag has higher capacity of pH increase and removal of Fe. Al and other trace elements. During the 10 days continuous step experiment the pH has been maintained and any decrease in the removal capacity of Fe and Al has not bun observed. In the trace element removal experiment slag showed higher capacity for removal of Ni, Co. Cu and Zn than limestone. The removal of trace element was more effective in AMD than in distilled water that the pH was adjusted to the same level of AMD (synthetic acid solution). It means that Fe and Al in AMD adsorbed trace elements during or after precipitation as oxide forms. In the size effect experiment, the slag of the smaller size with larger specific surface area exhibited higher capacity of pH increase and removal efficiencies of Fe. Al and other trace elements.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.79-84
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• 2002

The optimal operation conditions, including voltage applied, reaction time, distance between electrodes. and electrode material. were investigated for the treatment of soil flushing effluent using electrofloatation. When 3V was applied for 1 hour, 88% oil-water separation efficiency was achieved. In case of 6V and above, 90% efficiencies were achieved. As reaction time and distance between electrodes were longer, separation efficiencies were higher and lower, respectively. Separation efficiencies for different anode materials were copper > aluminum > iron > titanium. It might result from the differences of their electrical conductivities.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.24-30
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• 2011

Tidal flats which are ecologically sensitive, are hard to remediate once they are contaminated by oil spill accidents. Traditional oil remediation measures focus on removal efficiency, and their improper implementation can adversely affect crude oil contaminated coastal areas and greatly disrupt the structure and functions of crude oil contaminated tidal flats. In this study, the oil degradation due to the implementation of remediation measures naturally enhanced using air and natural oil sorbents was evaluated in the lower strata of tidal flats. The effects of air and natural oil sorbents on oil degradation for two concentration levels (< 500 ppm and > 500 ppm) were tested at artificially contaminated tidal flats. Fifty days after these treatments, the natural oil sorbent treatment showed the lowest total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration ($4.46{\pm}1.47%$) at the low concentration level, whereas both air and natural oil sorbent treatments showed high degradation efficiencies at the high concentration level ($29.30{\pm}4.39%$). Although the phosphatase activity decreased for all treatments, there was no significant difference between the decreases for the different treatments; on the other hand, B-glucosidase activities were high for both air and natural oil sorbent treatments. Although degradation efficiencies decreased as the concentration increased, the air provision and natural oil sorbent treatment could be an effective ecological restoration measure for oil contaminated tidal flats while minimizing the environmental impact of the remediation efforts.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.183-193
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• 2006

Several metalliferous and coal mines, including Seojin and Okdong located at the Kangwon province, were abandoned or closed since 1989 due to the mining industry promotion policy and thus disposed an enormous amount of mining wastes without a proper treatment facilities, resulting in water and soil pollution in the downstream areas. However, no quantitative assessment was made on soil and water pollution by the transport of mining wastes such as acid mine drainage, mine tailing, and rocky waste. In this research, total and fractional concentrations of heavy metals in mining wastes were analyzed and accordingly the degree of water and soil pollutions in the stream area were quantitatively assessed employing the several pollution indices. Concentrations of Ni, Cd, and Pb in soils near the abandoned coal mine areas were 1,240.0, 25.0 and 1,093.0 mg/kg, respectively, and these concentrations were higher than those in soils near the closed metalliferous mine areas. Also Cu concentrations in soils near the tailing dams were about 1967 mg/kg, which is considered as very polluted level. Results demonstrated that soil at the abandoned mine areas were highly contaminated by AMO, tailing, and effluents of the mining wastes. Therefore, a prompt countermeasure on the mining waste treatment and remediation of the codntaminated water and soil should be made to the abandoned or closed metalliferous and coal mines located at the abandoned mine area.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.568-578
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• 2004

This study is aimed at investigating floodgate characteristics and environmental issues in Gwangjucheon and examining possible problems of expanding river maintenance water being carried on in the context of river recovery works. In general, the obtained results show the following. The treatment water provisioned in the restoration project of the drying stream going through the water circulation device can pollute the land and groundwater in the Gwangjucheon Basin. Besides, although about $17,565m^3$/day of water is available in the upper ground, most of it go to the junction and exhausting directly to the waste water treatment or going into the groundwater. Because of the drying stream, the amount of water going to the ground is increased. Therefore, efficient land use along with regulations to protect cultivated land and ensure recovery works of city stream through the recovery of water circulation by constructing and expanding a special drainage system are of vital importance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.145-151
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• 2008

A novel method was suggested for the estimation of design population and design wastewater flow rate in fishing and agrarian village. Even though the population was decreasing continuously in this area, the design population was considered as constant with the passage of the time in conventional methods. And although the portion of groundwater uses was pretty high, the design wastewater flow rate was determined by the supply amount of tap water. Consequently, the design population and the design wastewater flow rate were overestimated. To prevent these overestimates, the design population was predicted to decrease gradually using the population trends from Korea National Statistical Office, and the design wastewater flow rate was determined using the way that the supply amount of tap water was applied in developed areas and the supply amount of groundwater was used in undeveloped areas.