• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.93-104
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• 2019

Anomalies and/or fractured grounds not detected by the surface geophysical and geological survey performed during design stage may cause significant problems during tunnel excavation. Many studies on prediction methods of the ground condition ahead of the tunnel face have been conducted and applied in tunneling construction sites, such as tunnel seismic profiling and probe drilling. However, most such applications have focused on the drill and blast tunneling method. Few studies have been conducted for mechanized tunneling because of the limitation in the available space to perform prediction tests. This study aims to predict the ground condition ahead of the tunnel face in TBM tunneling by using an electrical resistivity tomography survey. It compared the characteristics of each electrode array and performed an investigation on in-situ tunnel boring machine TBM construction site environments. Numerical simulations for each electrode array were performed, to determine the proper electrode array to predict anomalies ahead of the tunnel face. The results showed that the modified dipole-dipole array is, compared to other arrays, the best for predicting the location and condition of an anomaly. As the borehole becomes longer, the measured data increase accordingly. Therefore, longer boreholes allow a more accurate prediction of the location and status of anomalies and complex grounds.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.519-528
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• 2023

In this paper, we present the results of an experimental study on the effect of polymer support fluid on shaft resistance of offshore bored piles. A series of pullout tests were performed on bored piles installed under various boundary conditions considering different types of grounds and support fluids, and a range of support fluid exposure times. Contrary to previous studies concerning onshore bored piles, a time dependent effect of polymer fluid on shaft resistance was observed in all ground types. The adverse effect of polymer support fluid on the shaft resistance, however, was considerably less than bentonite support fluid for a given exposure time. No significant reduction in shaft resistance was evident when limiting the exposure time of the polymer support fluid to the side wall of the borehole within 2-3 hours. The degree to which the polymer fluid affects shaft resistance seemed to vary with the ground type. A proper consideration should be given to the time dependent effect of polymer fluid on shaft resistance of bored piles installed in offshore construction environment to limit its adverse effect on the pile performance. The practical implications of the findings are discussed.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.19-30
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• 2010

벤토나이트는 팽윤성이 좋고 투수계수가 낮아 수직 밀폐형 지중 열교환기 시공 시 보어홀(borehole)의 뒤채움재로 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내에서 사용되는 3가지 벤토나이트를 선정하여 배합비에 따른 점도와 열전도도를 평가하였다. 시공 조건에 따라 다양한 벤토나이트 뒤채움재의 함수비를 고려하여 점도와 열전도도 특성을 규명하기 위해 벤토나이트를 배합비(벤토나이트 무게/(벤토나이트+물) 무게) 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%로 배합하고 시간에 따른 점도와 열전도도를 측정하였다. 그리고 벤토나이트 뒤채움재가 해안지역에서 시공될 경우 지하수의 염도에 의한 영향을 검토하기 위해 배합수의 NaCl 농도가 0.1M, 0.25M, 0.5M일 때 벤토나이트 뒤채움재의 침강 특성을 관찰하였다. 벤토나이트 뒤채움재의 낮은 점도로 인해 천연규사와 같은 첨가재가 지중 열교환기 바닥에 침전될 경우 발생할 수 있는 재료분리 현상을 저점도 벤토나이트 뒤채움재를 사용하여 실험을 통해 규명하였으며 그 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. (1) 벤토나이트 뒤채움재의 점도는 시간이 지남에 따라 또는 배합비가 증가함에 따라 상승하는 경향을 나타내며 벤토나이트 뒤채움재의 열전도도는 배합비가 증가하면 상승하지만 통일한 배합비에서는 시간에 따른 변화가 미미하다. (2) 벤토나이트 뒤채움재의 팽창지수가 높을수록 배합수의 NaCl 농도에 따른 침강율은 상대적으로 낮게 나타난다. (3) 저점도 벤토나이트 뒤채움재는 첨가재의 재료분리로 인해 보어홀 내의 깊이별 첨가재 분포를 비균질하게 하므로 보어홀 상부의 열전도도가 하부에 비해 작게 나타날 수 있는 가능성이 있다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.295-306
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 확률기법인 빈도비 모델 (frequency ratio model) 및 지리정보시스템 (Geographic Information System: GIS)의 공간분석기법을 이용하여 강원도 삼척지역 폐탄광 주변의 지반침하 발생 취약지역을 예측하였다. 지반침하에 영향을 주는 요인들을 추출하기 위해 지형도, 지질도, 갱내도, 토지특성도, 시추공 자료, 기 관측된 침하지 자료 등으로부터 공간자료를 구축하였다. GIS 공간분석과 확률기법을 이용하여 지반침하의 주 요인이 되는 8개의 인자를 추출하였고 관측된 침하지역과 8개 인자와의 연관성을 알아보기 위하여 각각의 결정계수($R^2$)를 계산하였다. 빈도비 모델을 적용하여 각인자의 등급별 가중치를 결정한 후, 이를 중첩 분석하여 지반침하 위험 예측도를 작성하였다. 지반침하 위험 예측도를 기존 침하지 위치와 비교 검증한 결과 96.05%의 높은 예측정확도를 나타냈다. 이를 통해 폐탄광 지역에서 GIS와 빈도비 모델을 이용하여 지반침하 위험지역을 정량적으로 예측하는 것이 가능하다고 판단된다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2007년 가을학술발표회
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• pp.266-292
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• 2007

Round Robin Test (RRT) on ground response analyses was conducted for three sites in Korea based on several site investigation data, which include borehole logs with the N values from standard penetration test (SPT) for all three sites and additionally cone tip resistance profiles for two sites. Three input earthquake motions together with the site investigation data were provided for the RRT. A total of 12 teams participating in this RRT presented the results of ground response analyses using equivalent-linear and/or nonlinear method. Each team determined input geotechnical properties by using empirical relationships and literatures based on own judgment, with the exception of the input motions. Herein, the characteristics of input motions were compared in terms of the frequency and period, and the selection of the depth to bedrock, on which the motions is impinged, was discussed considering geologic conditions in Korea. Furthermore, a variety of geotechnical properties such as shear wave velocity profiles and soil nonlinear curves were investigated with the input properties used in this RRT.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.475-484
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• 2020

The prediction of the ground conditions ahead of a tunnel face is very important, especially for tunnel boring machine (TBM) tunneling, because encountering unexpected anomalies during tunnel excavation can cause a considerable loss of time and money. Several prediction techniques, such as BEAM, TSP, and GPR, have been suggested. However, these methods have various shortcomings, such as low accuracy and low resolution. Most studies on electrical resistivity tomography surveys have been conducted using numerical simulation programs, but laboratory experiments were just a few. Furthermore, most studies of scaled model tests on electrical resistivity tomography were conducted only on the ground surface, which is a different environment as compared to that of mechanized tunneling. This study performed a laboratory experimental test to extend and verify a prediction method proposed by Lee et al., which used electrical resistivity tomography to predict the ground conditions ahead of a tunnel face in TBM tunneling environments. The results showed that the modified dipole-dipole array is better than the other arrays in terms of predicting the location and shape of the anomalies ahead of the tunnel face. Having longer upper and lower borehole lengths led to better accuracy of the survey. However, the number and length of boreholes should be properly controlled according to the field environments in practice. Finally, a modified and verified technique to predict the ground conditions ahead of a tunnel face during TBM tunneling is proposed.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제94권6호
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• pp.377-386
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• 2005

김해시 상동면 매리 산사태지의 발생특성을 밝히기 위한 일련의 연구를 진행중에 있으며, 본보에서는 지반조사, 시추공내영상촬영, 탄성파탐사 및 실내시험 후 안정해석을 실시하였다. 안정해석결과, 영역 I 지역은 집중호우 시 땅밀림 산사태가 발생될 위험이 있으므로 계측기를 설치하여 지표의 변위발생을 모니터링하고, 변위가 발생될 경우 긴급복구가 필요한 지역으로 판단된다. 영역 II는 토사유실이 장기간 지속될 경우 붕괴(slope failure)가 예상되므로, 향후 지속적인 관찰과 보수가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 영역 Ill은 상부로부터 집수되는 지표수 배제 및 상부 너덜(talus)지역으로부터 침투된 지하수의 배제를 위한 시공이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 영역 IV는 현재 안정한 지역으로 가능하면 절취 등 훼손이 발생하지 않도록 하는 것이 바람직할 것이다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.1638-1646
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• 2008

This paper presents a series of numerical simulations on the thermal performance and sectional efficiency of a closed-loop vertical ground heat exchanger (U-loop) equipped in a geothermal heat pump system (GHP). A 2-D finite element analysis, ANSYS, was employed to evaluate the temperature distribution on the borehole cross section involving HDPE pipe/grout/soil formation to compare the sectional efficiency between the conventional U-loop and a new latticed HDPE pipe system which is equipped with a thermally insulating latice in order to reduce thermal interference between the inflow and outflow pipes. In addition, a 3-D finite volume analysis (Fluent) was used to simulate the operating process of the closed-loop vertical ground heat exchanger by considering the effect of grout's thermal properties, rate of circulation pump, distance between the inflow and outflow pipes, and the effectiveness of the latticed HDPE pipe system. It was observed that the thermal interference between the two strands of U-loop is of importance in determining the efficiency of the ground heat exchanger, and thus it is highly recommendable to modify the cross section configuration of the conventional U-loop system by including a thermally insulating latice between the two strands.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2019

액상화란 느슨한 사질토 지반에서 지진과 같은 큰 진동하중이 발생하여 과잉간극수압이 급격히 증가해 전단강도를 상실하는 현상으로 국내 포항에서 발생한 액상화 현상과 더불어 그 관심이 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 이러한 액상화 평가는 주로 Seed and Idriss(1982)가 제시한 반경험적 방법을 통해 수행할 수 있으며 시추공 DB와 SPT에서 얻어진 관입저항력을 기초로 액상화 위험을 평가할 수 있지만 획득된 시추공 DB는 일정 구역을 대표하지 못하는 문제를 내재하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 액상화 평가의 필요한 지반정보를 분류 및 검토하여 지반정보의 DB구축방안을 모색하고 지리정보시스템(GIS)을 활용하여 공간보간을 수행해 액상화 평가 대상이 되는 지층의 대표성 문제를 해소하고자 하였다. 액상화 발생이 예상되는 지층의 두께를 정의하는 방안에 따라 세 가지 지층심도DB구축 방안을 제시하였고 교차검증을 통해 제시한 구축방안의 정밀도를 비교, 분석하여 액상화 평가에 적합한 지층심도DB구축 방안을 제시하였다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.19-31
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• 2013

To figure out the decay characteristics of naturally occurring radionuclides, eight sampled groundwaters from a monitoring borehole having high levels of uranium and radon concentrations in a two mica granitic area have analyzed by liquid scintillation counters (LSC) for over 1 year. In December 2011, three groundwater samples (DJ1, DJ2, DJ3) were obtained from each aquifer system located at -20 m, -40 m, -60 m of the monitoring borehole below the ground surface, respectively. Five samples (DJ4, DJ5, DJ6, DJ7, DJ8) were additionally gained from each aquifer positioned -20 m, -40 m, -60 m, -100 m, -105 m of the borehole in February 2012, respectively. Temporal variation characteristics of uranium and radon concentrations have showed over maximum 2.1 times and 1.4 times fluctuations of the values in the same sampling intervals over time, respectively. The intervals of -40 m and -105 m in the borehole have the highest values of uranium and radon concentrations, respectively. This may imply that the concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides such as uranium and radon in groundwater have been changed over time and indicate that the qualities of groundwaters from the aquifers developed at each interval in the borehole are different each other. This discrepancy, moreover, could be caused by behaviour differences between uranium which is in ionic status having a half life of 4.6 billion years and is transported along with the flowing groundwater, and radon which is in gaseous status having a 3.82 day's half life in the aquifer systems. Physicochemical characteristics of groundwaters from the aquifer systems could be identified by the results of the on-situ measuring items such as pH and Eh, and the major ionic contents. The CPM values of eight groundwater samples analysed by LSC over one year have shown not to follow the theoretical decay curve of the radon. The CPM values of the samples have ranged from 2 to 7.5 after it had passed two months when the theoretical CPM values of the radon started zero since the initial analysis. Alpha and beta particle spectrums have shown the peaks of radium-226, however they have not revealed any peaks of radon and it's daughter products such as polonium-218 and 214, bismuth-214 for the late stage of the analysis. This implies that the groundwater from the borehole may contain radium-226 having a half life of 1,600 years which decays continuously.