• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.5
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• pp.1008-1017
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different fattening periods on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economic traits of Holstein steers. Sixty Holstein steers (8.0 ± 0.28 months old) with an average body weight (BW) of 231.88 ± 2.61 kg, were randomly allocated to five different fattening period treatments: 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 months (n = 12 in each treatment group). Final BW and average daily gain (ADG) did not differ among the treatment groups during the early fattening period. At the late stage of the fattening period, the final BW of steers in the 24-month treatment group (812.84 kg) was greater (p < 0.05) than that of steers in the 20-month treatment group (750.39 kg). During the same period, steers in the 20- and 21-month treatment groups had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) ADG than those in the 22-month treatment group. The highest ADG (1.36 kg/day) was found in the 20-month treatment group (1.36), followed by the 21- (1.33 kg/day), 22- (1.22 kg/day), 23- (1.21 kg/day), and 24- (1.14 kg/day) month treatment groups. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased as the fattening period increased, and the FCR was 12.88% lower in the 20-month treatment group than in the 24-month treatment group. However, no significant differences were detected in back-fat thickness, loin area, marbling score, and chemical characteristics (water, crude protein, and crude fat content) among the treatment groups. The composition of fatty acids including C18:0, C18:1, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids did not differ among the experimental groups. As the fattening period increased, production costs increased, resulting in a decrease in gross income. The gross income for steers in the 24-month treatment group was 35.8% and 23.5% lower than that for steers in the 20- and 21-month treatment groups, respectively. Taken together, the best performance, including the ADG, FCR, and gross income, was obtained when the fattening program of the Holstein steers lasted 20 months.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 2005

Background and purpose: The cold-heat patternization is one of the most frequently use for diagnostic method in oriental medicine. But it is still an unclear scientific mechanism and the objective index. the aim of this study is to search the objective index of the cold-heat patternization, comparing with ordinary health test. Method: The study group comprised 101 Korean, male:female ratio 51:50, with a mean age of 49.74 years. The results of the questionnaires for cold-heat patternization were compared with the western health test that it consist of height, weight, muscle mass, body fat, WBC, Hb, ALT, AST, TG, Total cholesterol, glucose, HDL-cholesterol, free-T4 and TSH, measured in the health promotion center of the hospital of Chungnam university Result: The cold patternization were significantly higher in the women than the man. The somothing of the questionmaires for the heat patternization were positive correlated with TG, TSH, glucose, Hb, free T4, weight, musle mass(p<0.05). But there were no correlation in the gross. The somothing of the questionnaires for the cold patternization were negative correlated with the weight, musle mass, body fat, glucose, Hb and ALT(p<0.05), Especially there were strong negative correlation with the weight and muscle mass(p<0,01). Conclusion: The present study shows there is no definitive index for the cold-heat patternization in the ordinary health test. But the weight and muscle mass can be useful index of the cold patternization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.184-197
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• 2021

This study investigated the recognition and utilization status of food labeling and nutrition labeling, according to the body type recognition of university students. In a total of 351 subjects, the male subjects comprised of 25.8% belonging to the underweight awareness group, 46.3% normal weight awareness group, and 27.9% overweight awareness students. Among the female students, 29.2% belonged to the underweight awareness group, 36.6% were normal body weight, and 34.2% were the overweight group. When purchasing processed foods, the price (4.05 points), expiration date (4.03 points), and gross weight (3.88 points) were the most considered factors of the food labeling content (5 points) for all body shape recognition groups. The food labeling of canned foods was checked most by the underweight awareness group (p<0.05). For bread and snacks, the contents of food labeling were confirmed most by the normal weight awareness group and the overweight awareness group (p<0.001). For beverages, the normal weight awareness group checked more food labels (p<0.01). The underweight awareness group (55.2%) hardly checked the nutritional labeling, and 22.9% of these subjects did not check at all. Our results may provide the necessity to improve the incorrect eating habits of students, by evaluating differences between the cognitive body type and the actual body type by BMI.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.672-678
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• 2012

Colitis and constipation are the most common intestinal complaints worldwide. This study examined the beneficial effects of sea cucumber powder for TNBS-induced colitis in ICR mice(n=6/group) and loperamide-induced constipation in rats(n=8/group). Animals were divided into normal and four dried see cucumber treated groups that were named Nor, Con(0 mg/kg), GI(30 mg/kg), GII(100 mg/kg) and GIII(300 mg/kg). In order to induce colitis and constipation, 5% TNBS was injected into distal colon and loperamide (2 mg/kg, twice a day, peroral) was treated for 5 day in the four experimental groups but not the normal group. Gross finding score was decreased tendency by oral administration of sea cucumber in colitis-induced animal model, but colonic weight was not different. Excreted fecal pellet number, weight and water content were increased in the sea cucumber-treated group compared to the non-treated group. The fecal pellet number was reduced within distal colon of the sea cucumber-treated groups. Interestingly, intestinal transit length was increased compared to the non-treated group. Our results demonstrated that colitis and constipation were improved by sea cucumber treatment in the animal models. Specifically, gross finding score in TNBS-induced colitis model was improved by sea cucumber. After animals being fed sea cucumber, excreted fecal number, weight, water contents, and fecal number within distal colon and colonic transit length also get better in loperamide-induced constipation model.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2004

The present study was carried out to investigate the potential acute toxicity of CKD-602 by a single intravenous dose in Beagle dogs. The test chemical was administered intravenously to male and female Beagle dogs at dose levels of 0.3, 0.5, or 2.5 mg/kg. Mortalities, clinical findings, and body weight changes were monitored for the 14-day period following the administration. At the end of 14-day observation period, all animals were sacrificed and complete gross postmortem examinations were performed. All males and females of the 2.5 mg/kg dose group were found dead between the fourth and seventh day after the injection. Treatment related clinical signs, including vomiting, anorexia, mucous stool, diarrhea, and no stool were observed. Decrease or suppression of body weight was observed in a dose-dependent manner. In autopsy, dark red discoloration of the gastrointestinal tract, atrophy of the thymus, paleness of the spleen, sporadic dark red spots of the lung and petechia of the heart were observed in dead animals of the 2.5 mg/kg dose group. There were no specific adverse effects on males and females of the 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg dose groups, except for the transient clinical signs such as anorexia, vomiting, and mucus/no stool. On the basis of the results, it was concluded that a single intravenous injection of CKD-602 to Beagle dogs resulted in increased incidence of abnormal clinical signs and death, decreased body weight, and increased incidence of abnormal gross findings. The absolute toxic dose of this chemical was 2.5 mg/kg for both genders. The $LD_{50}$ value was 1.1 mg/kg (95% confidence limit not specified) for both genders. The no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was considered to be below 0.3 mg/kg for both genders.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.445-452
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• 2006

Aralia elata, a common medicinal and culinary herb, has beer consumed for centuries without any reported adverse effects. However, due to its limited safety information, we decided to investigate the repeated-dose toxicity of ethanolic extract of Aralia elata. The test was administered once daily by the gavage to male and female rats at doses of 0, 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg/day for four weeks. Throughout the study, no treatment-related deaths or clinical signs were observed. Also, no apparent changes were detected in ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, serum biochemistry, hematology and gross necropsy. The test result showed a significant decrease in body and heart weight of males treated with 250 mg/kg of extract of Aralia elata compared to normal control, a significant increase in relative brain weight and adrenal weight in females treated with 250 mg/kg of extract compared to normal control. However, all these changes were not considered toxicologically important due to irrelevant dose-response relationship to gross and microscopic findings. Histopathologically, abnormal changes were not observed in any target organs. On the basis of these results, the NOAEL of extract of Aralia elata was estimated to be more than 1,000 mg/kg/day under the tested conditions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.547-552
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• 2004

The present study was carried out to investigate the potential acute toxicity of amitraz by a single subcutaneous dose in beagle dogs. The test chemical was administered subcutaneously to male beagle dogs at dose levels of 0, 2, 10, or 50 mg/kg. Mortalities, clinical findings, and body weight changes were monitored for the 14-day period following the administration. At the end of 14-day observation period, hematology, serum biochemistry, and gross postmortem examinations were examined. A single dog in the 50 mg/kg group was found dead on day 3 after treatment and the other two dogs in the group were sacrificed because of the severe clinical signs on day 7 after treatment. Treatment related clinical signs, including anorexia, edema, mass and abscess formation in the injection sites, depression, vomiting, lacrimation, decreased locomotor activity, ataxia, recumbency, paresis in the limbs, and/or moribundity were observed in all treatment groups in a dose-dependent manner. Decreased or suppressed body weight gain was also observed dose-dependently in all treated groups. In autopsy, dead animals in the 50 mg/kg group showed muscular hemorrhage and inflammation in the injection sites and congestion in the liver and kidney. The terminal sacrificed animals in the 10 mg/kg group also exhibited muscular hemorrhage and inflammation in the injection sites. Whereas, no treatment related effects on hematology and serum biochemistry were observed on day 14 after treatment at any dose tested. On the basis of the results, it was concluded that a single subcutaneous injection of amitraz to beagle dogs resulted in increased incidence of abnormal clinical signs and death, decreased body weight, and increased incidence of abnormal gross findings. In the experimental conditions, the $LD_{50}$value of amitraz was 22.3 mg/kg (95% confidence limit not specified) and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be below 2 mg/kg for male dogs.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.17-24
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Persicae Semen (PS) in ICR mice. Methods : Aqueous extracts of PS (Yield = 18.60%) were administered as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) guidelines (2009-116, 2009). Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy; organ weight and histopathology of 12 principle organs were examined. Results : Amygdalin contents in PS aqueous extracts were detected as $32.50{\pm}5.96{\mu}g/ml$. We could not find any PS extracts treatment related mortalities, clinical signs, changes on the body and organ weights, gross and histopathological observations up to 2,000 mg/kg in both female and male mice, except for transient and slight loss of locomotion detected in female and male mice treated with 2,000 mg/kg. In addition, pharmacological immunomodulatory effects related findings were also demonstrated in 2,000mg/kg treated female and male mice as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of lymphoid cells in the submandibular lymph nodes. Conclusions : Based on the results of this experiment, the approximate lethal dose (ALD) of PS extracts after single oral treatment in female and male mice were considered above 2,000 mg/kg, respectively. It should be carefully used in clinics because the possibilities of respiratory or neurological disorders were observed when administered over 2,000 mg/kg of PS extract related to amygdalin.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.554-557
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• 1999

Hatchery waste including infertile eggs, dead embryos in shell, dead or low grade chicks was cooked at $100^{\circ}C$ for 15 minutes and then oven dried and ground. Hatchery waste meal (HWM) thus prepared contained 44.25% protein, 4,573 kcal/kg gross energy, 3,600 kcal/kg metabolizable energy, 30% ether extract, 1.9% fibre, 14% ash, 9.8% nitrogen free extract, 7.26% Ca, 0.84%P, 1.86% lysine and 0.66% methionine with no Salmonella and E. coli. In biological evaluation trial, significantly higher weight gain was observed in ration containing 12% HWM compared with that containing similar amount of fish meal. Protein efficiency ratio on the two rations was 3.96 vs 2.85; protein digestibility, 86.02 vs 71.9; net protein utilization, 64.9 vs 42.37 and biological value, 75.37 vs 58.84, respectively, indicating better balance of amino acids in HWM compared with fish meal. Growth performance trial on broiler chicks also revealed better weight gain and feed efficiency on ration containing 12% HWM than that containing similar level of fish meal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.647-651
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• 1992

Two experiments involving comparative slaughter procedures were conducted to see if the decrease in total energy retention (ER) resulted from the decreased food intake in growing chicks fed on a diet containing tryptophan less than the requirement. Ad libitum-feeding a diet containing 50% of tryptophan of a control diet (1.5 g/kg) decreased body weight gain, apparent metabolizable energy intake (AMEI), ER and ER : AMEI ratio. When both the control diet and the 0.75 g/kg tryptophan diet were tube-fed at the two levels of food intake, body weight gain was significantly lower in chicks on the low tryptophan diet than in the control chicks at each level of intake. AME : gross-energy ratio decreased only when the low tryptophan diet was tube-fed at the higher level of intake. Energy retained as protein was significantly decreased by the low tryptophan level and reduction of food intake. Energy retained as fat was affected by food intake. ER and ER : AMEI ratio were unaffected by dietary tryptophan level and were proportional to AMEI. Heat increment of feeding was affected by neither tryptophan nor food intake. These results indicate that the decreased ER in chicks fed on the low tryptophan diet was due mainly to the decreased food intake and not to the decreased efficiency of ME utilization.