• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.681-698
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• 2020

The paper addresses contribution to the modeling and optimization of major machinability parameters (cutting force, surface roughness, and tool wear) in finish dry hard turning (FDHT) for machinability evaluation of hardened AISI grade die steel D₃ with PVD-TiN coated (Al₂O₃-TiCN) mixed ceramic tool insert. The turning trials are performed based on Taguchi's L₁₈ orthogonal array design of experiments for the development of regression model as well as adequate model prediction by considering tool approach angle, nose radius, cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut as major machining parameters. The models or correlations are developed by employing multiple regression analysis (MRA). In addition, statistical technique (response surface methodology) followed by computational approaches (genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization) have been employed for multiple response optimization. Thereafter, the effectiveness of proposed three (RSM, GA, PSO) optimization techniques are evaluated by confirmation test and subsequently the best optimization results have been used for estimation of energy consumption which includes savings of carbon footprint towards green machining and for tool life estimation followed by cost analysis to justify the economic feasibility of PVD-TiN coated Al₂O₃+TiCN mixed ceramic tool in FDHT operation. Finally, estimation of energy savings, economic analysis, and sustainability assessment are performed by employing carbon footprint analysis, Gilbert approach, and Pugh matrix, respectively. Novelty aspects, the present work: (i) contributes to practical industrial application of finish hard turning for the shaft and die makers to select the optimum cutting conditions in a range of hardness of 45-60 HRC, (ii) demonstrates the replacement of expensive, time-consuming conventional cylindrical grinding process and proposes the alternative of costlier CBN tool by utilizing ceramic tool in hard turning processes considering technological, economical and ecological aspects, which are helpful and efficient from industrial point of view, (iii) provides environment friendliness, cleaner production for machining of hardened steels, (iv) helps to improve the desirable machinability characteristics, and (v) serves as a knowledge for the development of a common language for sustainable manufacturing in both research field and industrial practice.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.235-242
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• 2010

동원 NMC 선광장의 부유선별 프로세스를 유지하면서 광미여과액을 순환수로 활용하기 위한 pH 조절 연구를 수행하였다. 휘수연석(molybdenite)과 석영의 등전점(IEP)은 각각 pH 3 이하와 pH 2.7이었으며 안정화(분산)된 영역은 pH 5~10이었다. 순환수 현탁액의 경우, 잔류응집제의 의해 휘수연석의 제타전위는 pH 4 이상에서 -10 mV 이하로 감소하였다. pH 조절에 의한 부유선별 결과, 알칼리 영역에서 폴리머 사슬의 신장 및 확장, 칼슘 양이온($Ca^{2+}$)의 가교(ion bridge), 그리고 일부 무극성 폴리머/소수성 입자의 상호작용에 의한 응집 현상으로 부선효율이 급격히 저하되었다. 반면 약산성 영역(pH 5.5~6)은 수소이온에 의해 음이온성 폴리머가 중화되고 고분자 사슬의 기능이 약화됨에 따라 부선효율이 향상되었다. 조선부선 이후 정선부선의 최적조건인 pH 5.5, 포수제(kerosene) 20 g/t, 기포제(AF65) 50 g/t, 억제제($Na_2SiO_3$) 300 g/t, 정선횟수 2회에서 Mo 품위와 회수율이 각각 52.7%와 90.1%인 최종 정광을 얻어 광미여과액을 분쇄-조선-정선 공정에 지속적으로 재활용할 수 있는 기술을 개발하였다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.24-30
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• 2016

노트북 실장인쇄회로기판(Printed Circuit Board Assembly, PCBA)으로부터 탄탈럼을 회수하기 위한 선별실험을 실시하였다. 우선 노트북 실장인쇄회로기판에 실장된 전자부품(Electronic Components, ECs)을 자체개발한 실험장치를 이용하여 기판으로부터 분리하였다. 분리된 전자부품을 체분리하여 -6.35+2.80 mm구간에서 전체 탄탈럼 캐퍼시터의 약 93.2 wt.%를 회수할 수 있었다. 회수된 탄탈럼 캐퍼시터를 해머밀로 분쇄 후, 자력선별기를 통해 자력세기 300 가우스에서 분쇄물 중의 전극을 제거하였다. 전극이 제거된 자력선별 산물을 대상으로 넬슨 선별기(Knelson concentrator)를 이용한 선별 실험 결과 Bowl의 회전수 200 rpm, 유동층수 유량 7 L/min에서 76.9%의 최대 선별효율을 보였으며, 이때 품위 및 회수율은 각각 약 81.1%, 약 78.8%를 나타내었다.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.185-194
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• 2022

커피는 세계에서 가장 많이 소비되는 음료 중 하나이며 석유에 이어 두 번째로 많이 거래되는 상품이다. 커피의 수요가 많은 만큼 커피 산업에서는 독성이 있고 심각한 환경문제를 일으키는 다량의 폐기물이 생성된다. 본 연구는 사용된 커피찌꺼기(SCG)를 재활용하여 콘크리트 제조 시 시멘트를 대체하는 혼화재로써의 활용가능성을 확인하는 것을 목표로 한다. 커피찌꺼기를 재활용하기 위해서 커피찌꺼기는 수분 제거를 위해 건조되고 850℃의 소성로에서 8시간 동안 소성하며, 탄화된 커피찌꺼기는 볼밀 분쇄를 통해 커피찌꺼기 애시(CGA)로 제조된다. 제조된 커피찌꺼기 애시의 화학성분 분석은 XRF로 수행하였으며, 화학성분 분석결과 커피찌꺼기 애시의 주요 성분은 K₂O(51.74 %), CaO(15.92 %), P₂O₅(14.39 %)이며 MgO(7.74 %), SO₃(6.89 %)의 부성분과 소량의 F₂O₃(0.66 %), SiO₂(0.59 %), Al₂O₃(0.31 %)가 함량되어 있다. 물리 역학적 특성을 평가하기 위해 커피찌꺼기 애시를 5 %, 10 %, 15 % 중량 치환하여 수행하였다. 품질 시험결과, 커피찌꺼기 애시가 5 % 치환된 CGA 5의 28일 활성지수는 80 %이며, 플로 값 비는 96 %로 플라이 애시 2종의 품질기준을 만족하는 것으로 나타났다. 모르타르의 역학적 시험결과로부터 커피찌꺼기 5 %가 포함된 시편에서 최적의 결과를 확인할 수 있었으며, 우수한 기계적, 물리적 특성을 보여주었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.89-99
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the bonding of resin- based root canal sealer, AH26 when the sealer was applied as a thin layer between dentine and gutta-percha surface. In this study forty non-caries extracted human molars and resin-based root canal sealer(AH 26, DeTrey/Dentsply, Germany) were used. Disks of gutta-percha, 6mm in diameter.6mm thick (Diadent/Dentsply, Korea) for thermoplastic obturation were used and dentin surfaces were treated with 2% NaOCl(Group 1) or 2%NaOCl+17% EDTA(Group 3). Disks of gutta-Percha, 6mm in diameter.6mm thick (Diadent/Dentsply, Korea) for conventional obturation were used and dentin surface were treated with 2% NaOCl(Group 2) or 2%NaOCl+17% EDTA(Group 4). Enamel was removed by a horizontal section 1mm below the deepest portion of the central occlusal groove by using a watercooled low speed diamond saw. A second horizontal section was done around cementoenamel junction. Exposed dentin surface was cut to approximately $8{\times}8{\;}mm$ rectangular shape and was ground against 320, 400, 600 grade silicon carbide abrasive paper serially. After grinding, the dentine surface were soaked in a solution of 2% NaOCl for 30 minutes and twenty of specimens were treated with 17% EDTA solution for 1 minute. The treated specimens were washed and dried, Root canal sealer, AH26 was prepared according to the manufacture's instructions The Gutta-percha and dentin surface were coated with a thin layer of the freshly mixed seal or. The specimens were left overnight at room temperature. After their initial set, they were transferred to an incubator at $37$^{\circ}C$ for 72 h. After 72 hours, resin blocks were made. The resin block was serially sectioned vertically into stick of $1{\cdot}1mm$. Twenty sticks were prepared from each group. After that, tensile bond strength f3r each stick was measured with Microtensile Tester Failure patterns of the specimens at the interface between gutta-percha and dentin were observed under the SEM(x1000) and Stereomicroscope (LEICA M42O, Meyer Inst., TX U.S.A) at 1.25 x25 magnification. The results were statistically analysed by using a One-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. The results were as follows; 1. Tensile bond strengths($mean{\pm}SD$) were expressed with ascending order as follows: Group 1, $3.09{\pm}$ 1.05Mpa : Group 2, $6.23{\pm}1.16MPa$ : Group 3, $7.12{\pm}1.07MPa$ : Group 4, $10.32{\pm}2.06MPa$. 2. Tensile bond strengths of the group 2 and 4 used disks of gutta-percha for conventional obturation were significantly higher than that of the group 1 and 3 used fir thermoplastic obturation. (p < 0.05). 3. Tensile bond strengths of the group 3 and 4 treated with 2% NaOC1+17% EDTA were significantly higher than that of the group 1 and 2 treated with 2% NaOCl. (p < 0.05). 4. In analysis of failure patterns at the interface between sealer and gutta-percha, there were observed 49 (61%)cases of adhesive failure patterns and 31 (39%) cases of mixed failures patterns.