• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.388-392
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• 2013

The proteins from functional rice cultivars (Nogwonchalbyeo, Giant embryonic, Arhyangchalbyeo, and Goamibyeo) and general white rice were extracted and separated using two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis. A wide variation in the molecular weight (MW) and pH range of the expressed proteins in rice samples were observed. The green-kerneled rice (Nogwonchalbyeo) exhibited proteins with MW of 9-57 kDa and appeared at a pH range of 4-7. The Giant embryonic contained proteins with MW of 31-63 kDa and a pH range of 5-6. The aromatic glutinous rice (Arhyangchalbyeo) showed proteins with MW of 24-28 and pH of 5.8-6.8. The high-amylose rice (Goamibyeo) exhibited proteins with MW of 3-63 and pH of 5.2-5.6. The identified proteins uniquely found and highly expressed in each cultivar may have a significant role on rice functionality. The results illustrate that the 2D gel electrophoresis is a valuable method in the determination of the protein expression profiles in functional rice grains and may be useful in the identification of specific marker proteins associated with the functional property of rice.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.360-367
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• 2011

The use of green manure crop is one of the methods for alternative of chemical fertilizer as well as maintain of soil sustainability, therefore we evaluated the effect of green manure crops on rice growth and weed occurrence in rice-green manure crop double cropping system. The treatments consisted of incorporation of hairy vetch, barley or combined hairy vetch and barley without any agrochemical or fertilizer. In hand weeding, rice yield in hairy vetch only or hairy vetch and barley incorporated fields was attained by 90% and 93% of the conventional practice, respectively, while the value in barley incorporated fields was just 79%. Although the rice yields were lower than the hand weed control, similar trends in non-weed control were observed among all treatments. At maximum tillering stage, occurred weeds in hairy vetch, barley or hairy vetch and barley incorporated fields were five, five and two species, respectively, while those in conventional practice were six species. Also, the dry weight of weeds in hairy vetch and barley incorporated fields was decreased by 33% and 53% compared to it of conventional practice, while the value in hairy vetch and barley incorporated field was increased by 34%. Among all treatments, although occurrence density of Echinochloa crus-galli was lower than another weed species, the dry weight of it significantly increased. These results suggested that although continuous incorporation of proper amount of legume green manure crops was possible to productivity insurance of crop, but to attain it was essential to the effective management of weeds.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.623-626
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• 2003

Image analysis was performed with two color systems, Red-Green-Blue (RGB) values and normalized Hue-Saturation-Intensity (HSI). We conducted field studies in Cheongju to determine canopy spectral reflectance and digital image analysis of rice. Spectral reflectance measurements made with a portable spectrometer(LI-1800) correlated with growing stage and digital images for rice. Images in which the color was specified by the common RGB coordinates could be used when there was a sharp contrast between the color of the rice and that of the field soil. In the absence of sharp contrast, identification of the rice covered area was much easer after the color had been transformed into HSI coordinates. This study introduced fundamental theories in digital image analysis and applied that for field situations rice.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.96-105
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the actual condition and utilization planning of rice mills in Korea. Especially there are 64 rice mills at Goesangun, Chungbuk. I had selected six among them and examined. They are comparatively good, worth preserving, and considered to be the historical and local values. The results of study are as follows; First, rice mills of agricultural villages are utilized as the place of learning that people can experience or the agricultural village museum. Second, it can be connected to the sightseeing resources. Therefore, they are utilized as a green tourism. Third, in order to activate small rice mills, it need a governmental support policy. Fourth, it is necessary of the multilateral plan that can be used as a place of village community.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.486-486
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• 2018

During the post green revolution era, wheat and rice were the main crops of concern to cater the food security issues of Pakistan. The use of semi dwarf high yielding varieties along with extensive use of fertilizers and surface and ground water lead to substantial increase in crop production. However, the higher crop productivity came at the cost of over exploitation of the precious land and water resources, which ultimately has resulted in the dwindling production rates, loss of soil fertility, and qualitative and quantitative deterioration of both surface and ground water bodies. Recently, during the past two decades, severe climate changes are further pushing the Pakistan's wheat-rice system towards its limits. This necessitates a careful analysis of the current crop water requirements and water footprints (both green and blue) to project the future trends under the most likely climate change phenomenon. This was done by using the FAO developed CROPWAT model v 8.0, coupled with the statistically-downscaled climate projections from the 8 Global Circulation Models (GCMs), for the two future time slices, 2030s (2021-2050) and 2060s (2051-2080), under the two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): 4.5 and 8.5. The wheat-rice production system of Punjab, Pakistan was considered as a case study in exploration of how the changing climate might influence the crop water requirements and water footprints of the two major crops. Under the worst, most likely future scenario of temperature rise and rainfall reduction, the crop water requirements and water footprints, especially blue, increased, owing to the elevated irrigation demands originating from the accelerated evapotranspiration rates. A probable increase in rainfall as envisaged by some GCMs may partly alleviate the adverse impacts of the temperature rise but the higher uncertainties associated with the predicated rainfall patterns is worth considering before reaching a final conclusion. The total water footprints were continuously increasing implying that future climate would profoundly influence the crop evapotranspiration demands. The results highlighted the significance of the irrigation water availability in order to sustain and improve the wheat-rice production system of Punjab, Pakistan.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.226-230
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• 2004

Plant growth should be affected by mulching method. The study was done to examine the effect of different mulching methods on growth and yield of Atractylodes japonica Koidz. The experiment was done by six different mulching methods; no mulching, rice straw, transparent polyethylene (PE), black PE, two combined treatments of rice hull and transparent PE or black PE. Green shoot and related characters, growth and yield of early and late stages were measured on May 8, June 8 and October 26, respectively. Green shoot fresh weight was the highest in transparent PE mulching, while number of leaves, shoot and stem lengths were the greatest in rice straw mulching of the methods. In its early stage, rice straw mulching had the fewest number of leaves, roots, stems, the smallest width of leaves, and the least fresh weights of shoots and rhizomes. Combined mulching of black PE and rice hull showed the highest values in root-related characters; number of roots, fresh weights of rhizomes and roots. In its late stage, the treatment effects shown in the early stage disappeared owing to high temperature of mid-summer so that there was no significant difference between the mulching treatments. Yield per unit area and marketable yield were the highest in rice straw mulching, and combined mulching of black PE and rice hull.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2012

The present study was performed to expand the application of mechanically impacting technology reported in our previous studies. Several parameters were analyzed to research Korean indigenous pigmented rice. The proximate composition of Korean indigenous rice was the following; 12.0-13.4% moisture, 74.1-77.3% carbohydrate, 6.8-8.7% crude protein, 1.68-3.25% crude lipid, 0.78-1.38% crude ash, with a 6.6-7.07 pH value. The phenolic compound content of red rice was twice that of black rice. Moreover, antioxidative activity was estimated by DPPH radical-scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.15-1.04 mg/mL). Anthocyanin and chlorophyll in each pigmented rice type were detected by spectrophotometer. Garaedduk samples were prepared with non-waxy rice, salt, 24% water, and/or 15% indigenous pigmented rice(red, green and black, w/w of total swelling non-waxy rice) and adapted with or without mechanically impacting technology. Hardness, as a main texture profile parameter of Garaedduk was maintained up to 3 days under storage at $20^{\circ}C$. The results suggest that Korean indigenous pigmented rice can be applied for functional Garaedduk adapted with mechanically impacting technology.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.528-534
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• 2015

Green manure crops have been well recognized as the alternative for chemical fertilizer, especially N fertilizer, because of its positive effect on soil and the environment. Hairy vetch and green barley are the most popular crops for cultivation of rice in paddy field. This study was conducted to evaluate effects of hairy vetch and green barley on soil microbial community and chemical properties during short-term application (three years). For this study, treatments were composed of hairy vetch (Hv), green barley (Gb), hairy vetch + green barley (Hv+Gb), and chemical fertilizer without green manure crops (Con.). Hv+Gb treatment showed the highest microbial biomass among treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that PC1 (73.0 %) was affected by microbial biomass and PC2 (21.5 %) was affected by fungi, cy19:0/18:$1{\omega}7c$ (stress indicator). Combined treatment with hairy vetch and green barley could be more efficient than green manure crop treatment as well as chemical fertilizer treatment for improvement of soil microorganisms.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.287-293
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Soil incorporation of green manure crop(GMC) and liquid pig manure(LPM) is one of the methods for reduction of chemical fertilizer and the increase of crop yield. The objective of this study was to select optimal incorporation time of GMCs on growth and nutrient property in paddy soil treated LPM. METHODS AND RESULTS: The kinds of GMCs were Hordeum vulgare L.(green barley, GB) and Vicia villosa roth(hairy vetch, HV). The effects of GMCs on rice yield were investigated under different incorporation times of GMCs(LPM1: at 25 days before rice transplantation, LPM2: at 18 days before rice transplantation, LPM3: at 11 days before rice transplantation). In GB treatments, the biomass was greater in the order of $$LPM3{\geq_-}LPM2{\geq_-}LPM1$$. Contents of N, P and K ranged 1.21~1.28, 0.36~0.38 and 1.41~1.45%, respectively, regardless of incorporation times. The amounts of nutrient supply in GB treatments were higher in LPM1 than those in other treatment conditions. In GB treatments, rice yields in LPM1, LPM2 and LPM3 were 523, 525 and 526(increasing yield 3% than control) kg/10a, respectively. In HV treatments, the amounts of nutrient supply were higher in the order of $$LPM3{\geq_-}LPM2{\geq_-}LPM1$$. Rice yields were 530 kg/10a for LPM1, 531 kg/10a for LPM2, 535 (increasing yield 5% than control) kg/10a for LPM3 in HV treatments, respectively. CONCLUSION(s): The optimum incorporation time of green barley and hairy vetch was at 11 days before rice transplantation(LPM3) in paddy soil with liquid pig manure.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.191-197
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• 2005

Green house soils have been intensively cultivated with excessive application of compost and chemical fertilizer for vegetable growth. The objective of this study was to establish the reasonable fertilizer application system for rice cultivation in green house soil. Field experiment was carried out with rice cv. Geumo-byeo 1 in Jisan series soil (fine loamy, mixed, mesic family of Fluventic Haplaquepts) that was previously cropped with green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) for the last 3 years. Treatment consisted of conventional fertilization $(N-P_2O_5-K_2O=11-4.5-5.7kg\;10a^{-1})$, no basal fertilization, 50% reduction of basal fertilization no top dressing, bulk blending fertilizer, and no fertilizer. The value of pH, available phosphate, and exchangeable potassium after experiment was lower than those before experiment while organic matter content was not difference in all treatment. The value of salt elusion was the highest in no basal fertilization plot. The amount of $NH_4-N$ in soil was higher in growth stage of rice as fertilizer amount increased in 1998. The changes of plant height and tiller were higher as fertilizer amount increased. Thousand-grain weight as yield component was higher in no basal fertilization plot all the year because of decreasing panicle. There was no significant difference in rice yield between treatments in 1998. However, conventional fertilization resulted in significantly increased rice yield in 1999. Nitrogen use efficiency was the highest in no basal fertilization plot in 1998 and in conventional fertilization plot in 1998. Our results suggest that no basal fertilization be best to increase salt elusion with slightly increased yield in first year for rice cropping after vegetable harvesting, which method improves fertilization efficiency. However, conventional fertilization was good for second rice cropping after vegetable harvesting in greenhouse.