• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.298-298
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• 2009

미국의 DOE(Department of Energy)산하 EERE(Energy Efficiecy & Renewable Energy)에서 신재생 에너지 프로그램 평가를 하고 있다. 특히 General program evaluation Guide에는 많은 평가기관에서 제안되었던 5가지 방법 중 Outcome 평가는 프로그램의 목적을 얼마나 달성했는지를 측정하는 것으로 일정한 기간이 지난 후 프로그램의 목적을 달성함으로써 얻어지는 결과를 추산함으로써 그 기간 동안 프로그램이 의도했던 목적을 얼마나 잘 수행했는지를 보여준다. 한국에서 시행되고 있는 신재생에너지 보급 프로그램의 성과를 정량화 분석을 통하여 평가할 수 있어 국내 적용성이 크다. 본 연구에서는 미국 에너지부 EERE로부터 지원받아 NREL(National Renewable Energy Laboratory)에서 실행한 Utility Green Pricing 프로그램을 사례 분석하였다. Utility Green Pricing 프로그램은 1993년 시작되었으며 2002년 말 미국 전역의 300여개 시설을 통한 90개의 프로그램을 발전시킴으로써 소비자가 자발적으로 재생에너지 발전을 지원하기 위한 한 방법으로 최근 이런 프로그램 수는 증가하고 있다. 2002년 말 기준으로 국가 전기 사용자의 20%, 대략 270,000명의 소비자가 선택하였고 2002년 290MW급 재생에너지 설비용량과 2003년 140MW급 시설을 담당하였으며 미국 이외에 캐나다, 일본, 호주, 12개 유럽 국가들이 시행하고 있다. 이 프로그램 목표는 어떤 프로그램이 green pricing 프로그램의 소비자 참가와 재생에너지 구매의 최대화를 돕는지를 제공하는 것으로 Data Pool은 90개 프로그램 중 더 이상 실행하지 않는 4개를 제외한 86개로 응답률은 77%였다. 분석대상은 거주자와 비거주자로써 자료는 2003년 초 66개의 green pricing 프로그램의 질문서를 토대로 도출되었다. Green Pricing 프로그램 질문서는 참여, 지난해 판매, 재생에너지 공급, 할 증금(초과 구매력), 프로그램 디자인과 실행, 마케팅, 소비자를 위한 부가서비스 이렇게 총 7부분으로 나누어져있다. 특히 거주자와 비거주자와 참여, 재생에너지 판매량, 프로그램 수명, 사용하는 재생에너지의 종류, 프로그램 가격, 비용 할증료, 프로그램 평가의 종류, 프로그램 마케팅 노력, 참여자에게 제공되는 부수적 가치와 관련된 자료를 모으기 위해 실행되었다. 종속적 변수로 프로그램 유효성 측정과 관련된 비/거주자 참여와 재생에너지 구매를 선택하였으며 독립적 변수로 프로그램 디자인과 마케팅 특징을 들었다. 분석방법으로는 이변성과 다변성 통계적 분석을 이용하였다. 이변성 분석은 쉽게 개별적 독립 변수와 종속변수와의 직접적 관계를 보여주며 다변성 분석은 보다 정확한 영향 산정을 위해 선택한 복합적 독립변수를 이용하였다. 프로그램 유효성 측정을 위해 비/거주자 참여 퍼센트와 재생에너지 구매 퍼센트를 구하였다. 그러나 이 분석에 몇 가지 제한점이 있었다. 소비자 중 국외자의 영향으로 분석에 많은 영향을 주지 않지만 single utility 프로그램은 비거주자참여율과 재생에너지 구매율에 영향을 끼칠 가능성이 있으며 독립/설병변수를 프로그램성공을 위해 거듭 강조하지만 빠지거나 무딘 변수는 여전히 존재한다. 분석 대상이 2002년까지를 대상으로 하기 때문에 시간상의 지체 역시 문제가 될 수 있다. 다중공산성 역시 독립변수간의 상관관계가 나타나면서 발생된다. 하지만 몇 가지 재미있는 결과를 얻어냈다. 프로그램 기간이 소비자 응답에 영향을 미치며 초기 거주고객의 높은 구매력이 지속된다는 것이다. 가격 할증료와 최소 월사용료는 프로그램 성공 초기 결정요인이 되지 않는다. 작은 시설이 성공 달성가능성이 더 큰 것으로 나타났으며 비거주자의 사적 이득 제공 역시 성공 강화에 영향을 끼쳤다.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2007.11b
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• pp.31-33
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• 2007

본 논문은 신재생에너지 보급 확대의 정책 수단으로 활용되고 있는 녹색가격제도(Green Pricing)의 전반적 시행 현황과 제도의 동향을 미국사례 중심으로 분석하였다. 녹색가격제도의 전반적인 시행 사례 분석을 통하여 국내에 녹색가격제도 도입 시에 고려할 다양한 제반사항을 식별하고 활용할 수 있는 기회를 제공하였다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.343-346
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• 2006

Although renewable energy sources are more environmentally friendly than fossil energy sources, it is far more costly, considering current technological standards. It would not present many competitive advantages in the power market. If the renewable electricity is viable in the market, the government should take 'visible' actions to compensate production costs. Popular policies, such as Feed-In-Tariff and Renewable Portfolio Standards, can help to attract investors into generators of renewable electricity. But presently, they are mainly financed through a undifferentiated increase of electricity bills and occasionally confronted with the opposition of the electricity consumers. And most policies tend to focus on increasing the supply of renewable electricity with little consideration toward elevating the motivation of consumers. This study evaluates the potential of environmentally friendly energy consumption and examines the 'green pricing' program which realize the potential.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.85-93
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• 2011

Many policies, such as transit-oriented development, encouraged use of bicycle and pedestrian, reduction of green house gas (GHG) and etc., have been deployed to support transport sustainability. Although various studies regarding GHG were presented, no one has yet adequately explained the behavior of travelers. This paper proposes a GHG emission model by highlighting its sensitivity, elasticity with regard to such travel cost as travel time, travel fare, and GHG pricing, introduced to reduce the amount of GHG in transportation system. For better estimation of GHG, the proposed model adopts (1) a production-constrained gravity model and (2) the travel distance from the origin and the destination (OD). The gravity model has a merit that it considers travel pattern between OD pairs. The model was tested with an example, and the promising results confirmed its validation and applications.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2010

This paper makes the case that a new policy strategy to enhance a global green recovery is needed urgently. The new strategy requires two essential elements. First, G20 economies should follow the lead of South Korea and China and turn their green stimulus investments into a serious long-term commitment, and to support these investments, they should adopt environmental pricing policies and instigate pricing and regulatory reforms to reduce carbon dependency. Second, the G20 also needs to target and coordinate assistance to developing economies in science, technology and innovation (STI) for clean energy. Such assistance is essential to help developing economies to overcome the skills, technological and capital gap that they face in clean energy technologies over the long term. Reform of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is also necessary to establish a long-term global price signal for carbon, and to increase the coverage of developing economies, the sectors and technologies and the overall financing of clean energy projects. Formulating such a policy strategy should appeal to both the Asian-Pacific and Western economies comprising the G20, and by working together to formulate such a strategy, the G20 could lead the way toward a new era of global economic management and STI cooperation in clean energy.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.54-69
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• 2015

Although there is progress in developing green sectors in North America and East Asia, the key challenge facing the expansion of economy-wide green innovation and structural change in these regions is the absence of relevant policy follow-up to the green stimulus enacted during the Great Recession. The boost to green sectors provided by such measures is waning quickly, given that much of the green stimulus focused on energy efficiency. The biggest obstacles to sustaining green growth in North America and East Asiaare major market disincentives, especially the under-pricing of fossil fuels and market failures that inhibit green innovation. A three-part strategy to overcome these obstacles would involve: first, removing fossil fuel subsidies; second, employing market-based instruments to further reduce the social costs of fossil fuel use; and third, allocating any resulting revenue to public support for green innovation and investments. Such a strategy would ensure that green growth is not about promoting niche green sectors but instigating economy-wide innovation and structural transformation in North America and East Asia.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2010

In this paper, an auctioning strategy is proposed for cellular networks that ensures net energy savings. The pricing scheme, in conjunction with a two dimensional bid structure, incentivizes cooperation at the terminal nodes for better interference management at receivers and for cooperative relaying. It is shown that, for the proposed auctioning strategy, network operators are guaranteed revenue gains, mobile nodes' dominant strategy is to bid their true valuation of their energy resources, and overall effective energy gains occur under the assumption of a reserve price for bidding. Simulation results show that significant energy savings can be achieved by employing this auctioning mechanism for a 3G cellular set-up.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.7
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• pp.1304-1312
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to build promotive measures and to develop alternative policies of DG(Distributed Generation) by finding and analysing effects of four business environment factors related to DEPB(District Electricity Power Business) on boosting DG. In this study, four business environment factors, which are the electric power industry restructuring, electricity tariff and pricing structure, regulations for DEPB, and conflicts of stake-holding groups, are considered as independent variables. And promotion factors of DG including small CHP(Combined Heat and Power) generation, which is outcome of DEPB, are considered as dependent variables. But dependent variables including booming of new renewable energy generation due to green energy pricing incentives, the electric power industry restructuring, and electricity tariff and pricing policies were separatively considered. In this study, some policies were proposed reflecting research results of empirical demonstrative analysis, previous studies, overseas cases, etc.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.59 no.11
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• pp.1964-1970
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• 2010

A new intelligent power network (Smart Grid) that grafts some new technologies, such as the extension of the new and reproducible energy, electric motors, and electric storages, onto the regulation of green house gases according to the recent convention on climate changes has been actively promoted. As establishing such an intelligent power network, it is possible to implement a real-time rate system according to the change from the conventional single directional information transmission to the bidirectional information transmission. Such a real-time rate system can provide power during the chip rate hour by avoiding the high rate hour although customers use the same level of power through providing such real-time rate information including power generation costs. In this study, the establishment of an operating system that makes an effective use of the real-time rate system and its operation method are to be proposed.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.9-17
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• 2006

Over the last couple of years, established Cumulus Pricing Scheme(CPS) has become an important research issue for efficiently charging differentiated internet services. This paper proposes the adjusted CPS technique that expressed information of over or under-use of resources in bandwidth. And, 1 propose CPS with respect to the six main pricing and charging conditions. Also, accumulation technique may indicate an information between specified charging and eventually requires to adapt the initial contract. So called red and green Cumulus Points(CP) are used to judge the behavior of customer. At this point, the actual resource consumption is described by function v(t) at time t.