• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.52-62
• /
• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate dietary macronutrient and $VO_{2}$ by BMI The subjects consisted of 50 female college students. They were divided into three groups: Below BMI 18.5 kg/$m^{2}$ (n = 9), BMI 18.5 - 23 kg/$m^{2}$ (n = 28), above BMI 23 g/$m^{2}$ (n = 13). Health-related questionnaires, dietary macronutrients, macronutrient compositions, food frequency questionnaires, body compositions and $VO_{2}$ were studied. Macronutrient compositions that macronutrient intakes were expressed by the percentage of daily energy intakes. There were significant differences in body fat, percent of body fat, and fat distribution by BMI Also, significantly increasing of basal metabolic rate (BMR) was shown by BMI, but BMR per body weight was decreased by BMI Overall, there were no significant differences in health-related questionnaires, food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), dietary macronutrients and $VO_{2}$ by BMI but salty taste preferences and carbohydrate intakes, FFQ of beans, white vegetables rand, yellow-green vegetables in the above BMI 23 g/$m^{2}$ group were significantly higher than other groups. There were no significant differences in macronutrient composition but the lipid composition of subjects was shown above $20\%$. Also, energy intakes of subjects were shown to be low; especially the below BMI 18.5 kg/$m^{2}$ group was very low ($55\%$ of RDA). Significantly positive correlation was found in BMR and body composition such as skeletal muscle & lean body mass, but significant correlation was not found in BMR and dietary macronutrients. Overall, researched energy metabolism factor was not different by BMI Only in the BMI 18.5 23 kg/$m^{2}$ (normal) group, significantly positive correlation was found in $VO_{2}$peak and body fat oxidation. Therefore, proper nutritional education for female college students is needed in order to improve their obesity-related health. Moreover, a nutritional survey method of finding diverse factors that affect their health should be developed to meet various needs.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.536-549
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate food intake, dietary diversity and dietary pattern during the summer in middle aged and older adults living in Gugoksundam (Gurye, Goksung, Sunchang and Damyang counties), Jeonla Province located in southern part of Korea and known as one of the representative Korean longevity areas. Food intake and dietary diversity were assessed by using the data from 2 day-24 hour recall of 1,051 subjects (394 males and 711 females) aged 45 years and older (45-93 years in male, 45-105 years in female). The average ages of males and females were 70.7 years and 71.1 years, respectively. Average total daily food intake was significantly decreased with aging in both genders, and the average animal food intake ratio to total food intake was ranged 10~14% in 3 different age groups, 45~64 years, 65~74 years and 75 years and older. The contribution of each food group, in weight, to total food intake showed the descending order of grains, fruits, vegetables and alcohols in males, and grains, fruits, potatoes and meats in females. On daily intake amount of each food item, rice, watermelon, soju, kimchi, and potato were ranked on top 5 in descending order in males, and rice, watermelon, potato, kimchi and ylmukimchi in females. On intake frequency, rice, kimchi, onion, green pepper and potato were ranked on top 5 in descending order in both genders. Dietary variety score (DVS) and dietary diversity score (DDS) for the assessment of dietary diversity and balance were significantly decreased with aging in both genders. In food group intake pattern (DMGFV), 01101 type without consumption of dairy and fruits was the most prevalent, and only 3.6% of male and 3.9% of female subjects showed 11111 type, consumed all the 5 food groups a day. Dietary pattern of subjects was analyzed by cluster analysis with 18 food groups intake. Overall dietary pattern was classified into two clusters, one was more desirable and the other was less desirable. The percentage of subjects with more desirable dietary pattern was about 15% in male and 32% in female. In conclusion, most of our subjects living in Gugoksundam area were taking very simple diet with low amount of dairy products and fruits. These results indicate that nutrition intervention and education for older people living in rural areas should be focused on various food intake including dairy products and fruits.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.55-62
• /
• 2012

This study is a survey of regulatees' perception on main contents and enforcement effect of the Act, the retailers at food stores within Green Food Zone, for the effective enforcement of "The Special Act on the Safety Management of Children's Dietary Life" legislated in 2008. Percentage, frequency analysis, and T-test are derived from the survey carried out to the 175 retailers at food stores within Green Food Zone, across the country except Jejudo, for the two months March and April of 2011. The survey results are as follows. Over 80% of the respondents are aware of comprehensive policy for child food safety and the enforcement of 'the Special Act' and considering the rate of satisfaction on food safety information provided by government, over 90% of the respondents, virtually most of them, are satisfied. The rate of awareness of Green Food Zone is about 80% and that of outstanding business for children is about 50%, showing little perception of it. The comparison of the survey result of 2011 with that of 2010, which have the same questions to the retailers within Green Food Zone, still indicates a need for enhancement of understanding on absolute standard, though it showed fairly better improvement in general. Several proposals are given in this study based on the survey results, which will contribute to the children food safety and health improvement in the end.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.517-530
• /
• 2016

This research was conducted on Seoul region elementary, middle, and high school nutritionists to analyze execution conditions of HACCP control standards, focusing on PHF and CCP 3~CCP 7, in order to determine more efficient methods for school meals' sanitation system settlement. All surveys were distributed and collected via email. A total of 305 survey papers were collected, and 300 school results were analyzed. The following percentage of nutritionists perceived the following foods as potentially hazardous foods(PHF): raw or cooked animal foods (94.7%), blossomed seed products (93.7%), packed pickled radish (36.7%), unopened mayonnaise (30.2%), and unopened snails & corn cans 54.8%. Exactly 51.2% of nutritionists believed that foods were properly supplied via CCP 3's food quality standard. Exactly 33.9% of nutritionists answered that they had never corrected the digital thermometer since there were no issues with the CCP 4's digital thermometer correction frequency level. As for CCP 5's chroline disinfection of green vegetables, 57.1% of nutritionists answered that vegetables were slightly softened while 36.2% said there were no changes at all. According to the nutritionists, the most difficult execution level of CCP levels (excluding CCP 3, CCP 4) was CCP 7 (37.1%), CCP 6 (16.4%), and CCP 2 (16.4%). For the above results, proper training/education must be enforced so that nutritionists can have a clear notion of the PHF. A solution must be developed enhancing the execution of CCP 4's digital thermometer correction frequency level. For CP 5's chroline disinfection of green vegetables, food characteristics must be considered to suggest an appropriate number and method of cleansing. Furthermore, cooking employees are needed that properly use and manage cooling & heating equipments to maintain heated foods above $57^{\circ}C$ under the CCP 7 standard.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.205-213
• /
• 2001

A survey was conducted to investigate the intake pattern of health supplements and health foods by using questionnaire. The data were collected from 395 adults over middle age and analyzed with SAS program. The natural foods were most frequently taken among health supplements and health foods for health. There was no difference in pattern of health supplements or health foods intake between male and female. The item taken over 20% of subjects was health drinks, green tea, ginseng product, dietary fiber drink, honey, general tea, tonic medicine from natural foods, vitamin B, vitamin C from nutrition supplements, and Lactobacillus product from health supplements. As the main reason for taking health supplements or health foods, the male indicated recovery of fatigue and improvement of health, but the female indicated recovery of fatigue and protection or treatment on disease(p<0.001). The frequency of taking health supplements or health foods was once a day. About the effect of health foods 70.1%, of subjects answered not bad and 25% responded very helpful for their health. Twenty percent of subjects experienced side effects such as diarrhea. The results showed that the proper education program should be developed for consumer to choose suitable health supplements or health foods according to their dietary life and health condition.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.230-239
• /
• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the dietary patterns (DPs) of women during pregnancy. The present study aimed to identify the DPs of pregnant Malaysian women and their associations with socio-demographic, obstetric, and anthropometric characteristics. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 737 participants enrolled in Seremban Cohort Study between 2013 and 2015. Food consumption was assessed using a validated 126-food item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) at four time-points, namely, pre-pregnancy and at each trimester (first, second, and third). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify DPs. RESULTS: Three DPs were identified at each time point and designated DP 1-3 (pre-pregnancy), DP 4-6 (first trimester), DP 7-9 (second trimester) and DP 10-12 (third trimester). DP 1, 4, and 7 appeared to be more prudent diets, characterized by higher intakes of nuts, seeds & legumes, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, eggs, fruits, and milk & dairy products. DP 2, 5, 8, and 11 had greater loadings of condiments & spices, sugar, spreads & creamer, though DP 2 had additional sweet foods, DP 5 and 8 had additional oils & fats, and DP 11 had additional tea & coffee, respectively. DP 3 and 6 were characterized by high protein (poultry, meat, processed, dairy, eggs, and fish), sugars (mainly as beverages and sweet foods), and energy (bread, cereal & cereal products, rice, noodles & pasta) intakes. DP 9 had additional fruits. However, DP 12 had greater loadings of energy foods (bread, cereal & cereal products, rice, noodles & pasta), sugars (mainly as beverages, and sweet foods), and good protein sources (eggs, nuts, seeds & legumes). Malays were more likely to have lower adherence (LA) for DP 1 and 10 than non-Malays. DP 2, 8, and 11 were more prevalent among Malays than non-Malays. Women with a higher education were more likely to have LA for DP 10, and women with a greater waist circumference at first prenatal visit were more likely to show LA for DP 11. CONCLUSIONS: DPs observed in the present study were substantially different from those reported in Western populations. Information concerning associations between ethnicity, waist circumference and education with specific DPs before and throughout pregnancy could facilitate efforts to promote healthy dietary behavior and the overall health and well-being of pregnant women.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.289-303
• /
• 2007

This report includes basic data on nutrition education for Chinese adolescents living in Korea. A total of 183 Chinese adolescents living in Incheon participated in the survey. Body composition was analyzed by the Inbody 4.0., and questionnaires on personal dietary behavior were administrated. When compared with the body measure indices of Korean adolescents, we found that height was similar, but weight greater ($5{\sim}12 kg$) among the participants. Regarding obesity, 30.0% of all students were obese (BMI>25), especially the high school boys (42.0%). But in the case of middle school boys, the rates of obesity and under weight (BMI<18.5) were the same (both of them at 22.9%). The average WHR (Waist Hip Ratio) of the female high school group (0.9) was over the normal range. The average percent body fat for each group was also over the normal range. The percentage of students having breakfast everyday was 52.2%, and the rate of skipping breakfast was 25.0%. In the obesity group, the rate of skipping breakfast was remarkably high (P<0.05). Because lunch service was not available at the schools, a lunch box from home was the most popular pattern (43.1 %), but eating out was also popular at 36.6%. For the male high school students, the eating out rate was 62.8%. Since many have-lived in Korea for a few generations, the students' eating practices were much closer to the Korean pattern. For their ordinary meal pattern, 96.0% of the students included Korean foods. however, for New Years Day, the rate of having Gyo-Ja was 75.2%, and having Wol-Byung at Choo-seok was 78.6%, showing that the Chinese tradition still remains. In the case of food preferences, the percentage having Kimchi everyday was 62.1 %, but those drinking green tea was 13.1 %. For cold drinks, the rate for drinking them more than twice per week was 71.6%. The most preferred cooking method was frying with oil (50.6%). Among the students who had visited China (or Taiwan), the rate for 'bad food familiarity' was 37.0%, and the rate for 'did not know Chinese traditional course menus' was 71.3%. As a result of combining eating practices from both China and Korea, and the absence of lunch service in Chinese schools, students are showing bad dietary behaviors. therefore, it is necessary to provide proper nutrition education and a system for lunch service in Chinese schools.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.36 no.10
• /
• pp.1558-1567
• /
• 2023

Objective: Dietary green cabbage was evaluated for its impact on fatty acid synthetic ability in different adipose tissues during fattening of Wanxi White geese. Methods: A total of 256 Wanxi White geese at their 70 days were randomly allocated into 4 groups with 4 replicates and fed 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% fresh green cabbage (relative to dry matter), respectively, in each group. Adipose tissues (subcutaneous and abdominal fat), liver and blood were collected from 4 birds in each replicate at their 70, 80, 90, and 100 days for fatty acid composition, relative gene expression and serum lipid analysis. Two-way or three-way analysis of variance was used for analysis. Results: The contents of palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) were feeding time dependently increased. The C16:0 and stearic acid (C18:0) were higher in abdominal fat, while C16:1, oleic acid (C18:1), and C18:2 were higher in subcutaneous fat. Geese fed 45% green cabbage exhibited highest level of C18:3. Geese fed green cabbage for 30 d exhibited higher level of C16:0 and C18:0 in abdominal fat, while geese fed 30% to 45% green cabbage exhibited higher C18:3 in subcutaneous fat. The expression of Acsl1 (p = 0.003) and Scd1 (p<0.0001) were decreased with green cabbage addition. Interaction between feeding time and adipose tissue affected elongation of long-chain fatty acids family member 6 (Elovl6), acyl-CoA synthetase longchain family member 1 (Acsl1), and stearoly-coA desaturase 1 (Scd1) gene expression levels (p = 0.013, p = 0.003, p = 0.005). Feeding time only affected serum lipid levels of free fatty acid and chylomicron. Higher contents of C16:0, C18:1, and C18:3 were associated with greater mRNA expression of Scd1 (p<0.0001), while higher level of C18:2 was associated with less mRNA expression of Scd1 (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Considering content of C18:2 and C18:3, 30% addition of green cabbage could be considered for fattening for 30 days in Wanxi White geese.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.487-492
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this report is to present a list of Korean foods containing histamine, that is known to cause food allergy and chronic urticaria. For the measurement of histamine in foods, the application of spectrofluorimeter is used. Among the food groups, sea foods (mackerel, pacific saury, spanish mackerel, anchovy, hair, tail, tuna) contain most high amount of histamine, and the contents of see weeds (sea mustard, laverare) are also high. Milk and milk products (mozzarella cheese, yogurt) contain more histamine than animal meats. Plant foods like cereals, vegetables or fruits contain much less histamine than other food groups, except spinach. The contents of dried sesame, sesame oil, and mugicha, green tea, ginseng tea, mayonnaise, tomato ketchup are relatively high. This paper will be used as a fundamental guideline in planning dietary management of allergy and for the operational plans for the future nutrition education intervention. Because the foods rich in histamine may cause allergy-like syptoms, it may be reqoiled to label the foods containing histamine.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.35 no.7
• /
• pp.866-873
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current dietary habits, health related behaviors, nutrition knowledge and body indices, and to investigate the changes in nutrition knowledge for designing and monitoring nutrition education program among preschool children. The subjects were 1,200 preschool children, aged $4{\sim}6$ years. A measurement of the height and weight was conducted. The general home environment, the dietary habit of children and nutrition knowledge were collected using a questionnaire that included information about family income, parent's education and occupations. Using the PIBW, 14.6% of the preschool children were under weight, 54.4% were normal, and 31.0% were overweight or obese. We regarded to food habit score, the highest score was in the regularity of breakfast, while the lowest score was in consumption of yellow-green vegetables such as spinach and carrots. Result in food behavior showed that 69.1% of preschool children had a unbalanced diet, and their favorite snack was fast food like pizza and hamburger then followed soft drink and fried foods (chicken of potato). After nutrition education, there was somewhat improvement in the nutrition knowledge score of preschool children from $7.7{\pm}1.7$ point to $8.9{\pm}1.5$ point. These results suggest that nutrition education help preschool children change their nutrition knowledge. Therefore, it would be needed that new appropriate nutrition education to improve dietary habits and health status.