• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.185-200
• /
• 2012

지구상의 인구는 계속해서 증가하고 식량의 안정적인 수급은 한 국가의 문제가 아니라 국가와 지역을 뛰어넘는 전 세계적인 문제이다. 경제의 발전과 더불어 개발도상국가들의 육류 및 유제품의 섭취가 급증하고 있고 선진국들의 축산물 섭취량 또한 섭취형태에 차이가 있을 뿐 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 축산물 생산에 따르는 환경파괴, 특히 반추동물산업에 서의 온실가스 발생량은 심각한 것으로 보고되었는데 이러한 온실가스를 줄이기 위한 노력에 전 세계가 동참하고 있다. 이러한 노력의 일환으로 많은 연구가 진행되고 있는데 생산성 및 효율의 증대, 가축 개량 등의 노력이 진행되어 왔고 사양적 측면에서 사료배합기술의 발달, 화학적 첨가제 등을 사용했었다. 이들뿐만 아니라 최근에는 생균제, 식물추출물, 방목지에 적합한 새로운 방목 품종의 개발 등에 연구의 노력이 더해지고 있다. 반추동물산업은 인간이 섭취하지 못하는 식물세포벽 성분이나 비단백태 질소화합물을 이용하여 영양 가치가 우수한 고기와 우유를 생산하므로 다가올 식량안보에 크게 기여할 수 있다. 따라서 반추동물산업은 환경을 저해하는 요소를 줄이고자 지속적인 연구와 노력을 투자한다면 인간에게 고급 단백질을 공급하는 산업으로 오랜 기간 자리매김을 할 수 있을 것이다.

• 생태와환경
• /
• 제36권1호통권102호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2003

동물플랑크톤 배양여과액 내의 분비물질 (info-chemi-cals)에 의해 유도되는 Microcystis aeruginosa의 성장, 군체형성과 독소생성량의 변화를 관찰하였다. 성체까지 자란 동물플랑크톤 Daphnia magna Straus와 Moina macrocopa Straus의 배양 여과액 (ZCMF)을 비교적 낮은 독소를 생성하는 M. aeruginosa배지에 첨가해준 후, ZCMF의 농도에 따른 성장시기별 세포밀도의 변화를 관찰한 결과, 지수성장기 (7일 이후)부터, ZCMF농도가 높아짐에 따라 세포밀도의 감소가 관찰되었다. 또한,20% ZCMF를 M. aeruginosa배지에 첨가해준 후, 군체형성 변화 및 microcystin 생성량의 변화를 관찰한 결과, 동물플랑크톤 처리군에서 2${\sim}$4일 째까지 군체당 세포수 및 평균 입자체적의 증가 현상이 관찰되었으며, 이 현상은 Moina 처리군보다는 Daphnia-처리군에서 더 뚜렷하게 관찰되었다. Microcystin 생성량의 경우 동물플랑크톤 처리군에서 4일째 최고값을 보여주었으며, 이후 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 특히, Daphnia 처리군에서는 4일째최고 $70.5{\pm}16.8\;{\mu}g/g$-dry cell까지 검출되었다. M. aeruginosa의 성장형의 변화, 군체형성과 microcystin 생성현상은 동물플랑크톤의 분비 화학물질을 매개로 한 M. aeruginosa의 방어수단으로 생각되며, 이러한 기작은 수생 생태계 내에서 피${\cdot}$포식자간의 상호관계를 설명할 수 있는 한 현상으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제33권8호
• /
• pp.1242-1251
• /
• 2020

Objective: The 3×3 factorial arrangement was used to investigate if either high water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) cultivars or suitable time of day that the grass cut could improve nutrient values and in vitro fermentation characteristics. Methods: The 3 cultivars were mowed at 3 diurnal time points and included a benchmark WSC ryegrass cultivar 'Premium', and 2 high WSC cultivars AberAvon and AberMagic, which contained, on average, 157, 173, and 193 g/kg dry matter (DM) of WSC, and 36.0, 36.5, and 34.1 g/kg DM of N during 7th regrowth stage, respectively. The fermentation jars were run at 39℃ with gas production recorded and sampled at 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 22, 28, 36, and 48 h. The rumen liquid was collected from 3 rumen fistulated cows grazing on ryegrass pasture. Results: High WSC cultivars had significantly greater WSC content, in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and total gas production (TGP), and lower lag time than Premium cultivar. Methane production for AberMagic cultivar containing lower N concentration was marginally lower than that for AberAvon and Premium cultivars. Grass cut at Noon or PM contained greater WSC concentration, IVDMD and TGP, and lower N and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents, but CH₄ production was also increased, compared to grass cut in AM. Meanwhile, the effects of diurnal cutting time were influenced by cultivars, such as in vitro CH₄ production for AberMagic was not affected by cutting time. The IVDMD and gas production per unit of DM incubated were positively related to WSC concentration, WSC/N and WSC/NDF, respectively, and negatively related to N and NDF concentrations. Conclusion: These results imply either grass cut in Noon or PM or high WSC cultivars could improve nutrient values, IVDMD and in vitro TGP, and that AberMagic cultivar has a slightly lower CH₄ production compared to AberAvon and Premium. Further study is necessary to determine whether the increase of CH₄ production response incurred by shifting from AM cutting to Noon and/or PM cutting could be compensated for by high daily gain from increased WSC concentration and DM digestibility.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제98권5호
• /
• pp.548-557
• /
• 2009

For centuries, forests have been a key component of rural livelihood. They are important both socially and economically in Nepal. Firewood and fodder are the basic forest products that are extracted daily or weekly basis in most of the rural areas in Nepal. In this study, a field survey of 100 households was conducted to examine the degree of forest dependency and forest resource availability, households' livelihood strategy and their relationship with forest dependency in Chitwan, Nepal. A household' response indexes were constructed, Gini coefficient, Head Count Poverty Index (HCI) and Poverty Gap Index (PGI) were calculated and one way ANOVA test was also performed for data analysis. Data revealed that 82/81% of all households were constantly used forest for firewood and fodder collection respectively while 42% of households were used forest or forest fringe for grazing. The Forest Product Availability Indexes (FPAI) showed a sharp decline of forest resources from 0.781 to 0.308 for a 20-yr time horizon while timber wood was noticeably lowered than the other products. Yet, about 33% of households were below the poverty threshold line with 0.0945 PGI. Income distribution among the household showed a lower Gini coefficient 0.25 than 0.37 of landholdings size. However, mean income was significantly varies with F-statistics=246.348 at P=0.05 between income groups (rich, medium and poor). The extraction of firewood, fodder and other forest products were significantly different between the income group with F-statistics=16.480, 19.930, 29.956 at P=0.05 respectively. Similarly, landholdings size and education were also significantly different between the income groups with F-statistics=4.333, 5.981 at P=0.05 respectively. These findings suggested that income status of households was the major indicator of forest dependency while poor and medium groups were highly dependent on the forests for firewood, fodder and other products. Forest dependency still remains high and the availability of forest products that can be extracted from the remaining forestlands is decreasing. The high dependency of households on forest coupled with other socioeconomic attributes like education, poverty, small landholders and so on were possibly caused the forest degradation in Chitwan.Therefore, policy must be directed towards the poor livelihood supporting agenda that may enhance the financial conditions of rural households while it could reduce the degree of forest dependency inspired with other income generating activities in due course.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제15권10호
• /
• pp.6388-6398
• /
• 2014

제주 바다목장 해역의 크기별 식물플랑크톤 조성비 및 물질순환 특성을 파악하기 위해 2008년 4월에서 11월까지 4회 현장조사를 하였다. 제주 바다목장 해역의 표층에서 초미세플랑크톤은 $0.03{\sim}0.84{\mu}g/L$에서 평균 $0.30{\mu}g/L$로 17.3%, 미소플랑크톤은 $0.22{\sim}3.93{\mu}g/L$에서 평균 $1.35{\mu}g/L$로 78.0%, 소형플랑크톤은 $nd{\sim}0.24{\mu}g/L$에서 평균 $1.73{\mu}g/L$로 4.7%를 차지하였다. 10m 수층도 측정값에서 다소 차이는 있지만 경향은 표층과 매우 유사하여, 계절에 따라 엽록소 a의 측정값은 변화하지만, 미소플랑크톤 조성비는 연중 높게 나타났다. 또한 제주 바다목장 해역의 크기별 엽록소 a의 분포는 지리적으로 인접한 우리나라 연안해역이나, 쿠로시오나 쓰시마난류의 영향을 받는 동중국해 및 일본연안보다도 계절풍 이후의 열대 해역 연안환경과 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 즉 제주 바다목장 해역의 물질순환은 전통적인 먹이사슬보다는 저차영양단계는 미세먹이망으로 구성되어, 기초생산은 영양염류 공급보다 미소동물플랑크톤의 포식압 등의 top-down 동태에 의해 조절될 가능성이 큰 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제43권4호
• /
• pp.248-256
• /
• 2023

방목생태축산 활성화 방안으로는 정부 소유의 미 이용 초지를 규모화한 공공목장의 형태로 하고 소유와 운영에 따라 1) 정부가 소유하고 운영하되 수입과 지출이 균형을 이루는 경영, 2) 정부가 소유하고 운영하되 수익을 창출하는 경영, 3) 정부가 소유하되 민간(외부 채용 전문경영자)이 운영하는 경영 및 4) 소유와 운영을 개인(민간)에게 모두 이양하여 경영하는 4개의 경영관리모델을 상정하였다. 이상에서 본 연구는 방목생태축산의 활성화를 위해, 4개의 경영관리모델을 제시하고 흑자수익 구조를 위한 경영자의 선발과 업무평가 방안을 제시하였다. 또한 방목생태축산 산지생태계 보전을 위한 관리 방안을 제시하고 있다. 특히 경영관리모델의 시스템관리 중 경영자의 선발 및 업무성과에 대한 평가는 우리나라 기업에서 사용하는 방법을 이용하여 방목생태축산의 특성에 맞도록 변형하여 시도했다는 면에서 의의가 크며 수익구조 개선에도 기여할 것으로 판단된다. 향후 연구에서는 경영자 선발채용과 업적평가에서 미래 환경에 따라 변화하는 축산 조건에 맞춰 평가관리 항목의 변경과 배점의 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.221-226
• /
• 2006

본 시험은 2003년 9월부터 2005년 12월까지 충남대학교 생명과학대학내 부속 초지시험포장에서 수행하였다. 공시된 혼파초지는 상번초형(tall type) 혼파초지(orchardgrass, Potomac 50+tall fescue, Fawn 20+ Kentucky bluegrass, Kenblue 10+red clover, Kenland 20%)와 잔디형(turf type) 혼파초지(Kentucky bluegrass, Newport 60+Tall fescue, Reboil II 20+ perennial ryegrass, Palmer II 20%}의 두 처리를 두어 시험하였다. 얻어진 시험결과는 다음과 같다. 2년 평균 건물수량은 상번초형 혼파초지가 12,721 kg/ha으로 잔디형 혼파초지의 11,275 kg/ha 보다 높은 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 잔디형 혼파초지는 상번초형 혼파초지에 비하여 CP 함량과 건물소화율(DMD)이 높은 반면에 NDF와 ADF, cellulose 및 lignin 함량은 낮은 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 2년 평균 조단백질수량(CPDM)과 가 소화건물수량(DDM)은 상번초형 혼파초지가 잔디형 혼파초지에 비하여 높은 결과를 보였다 (p<0.05). 이상의 결과로 보아, 잔디형 혼파초지는 상번초형 혼파초지에 비하여 목초의 사료가치는 높았으나, 건물수량이 낮아서 조단백질수량과 가소화건물수량이 낮은 결과를 가져왔다. 그러나 잔디형목초는 상번초형 혼파초지에 비하여 사료가치가 높고, 연간 13회 예취 시 수량과 밀도를 고르게 유지할 수 있었던 것으로 보아 추후 말이나 유산양과 같은 가축의 방목이용 가능성을 타진할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제55권2호
• /
• pp.185-191
• /
• 2017

Tick is one of the most important arthropods in the transmission of vector-borne diseases. In this study, we investigated the abundance and species of ticks associated with swine and their habitats to assess the risk of spread of tick-borne diseases in host species, such as wild boars. Ticks were collected from 24 grazing or traditionally reared domestic pig farms and 8 habitats of wild boars in 8 provinces and 1 city in the Republic of Korea, by using the dragging and flagging methods. Ticks were also collected directly from 49 wild boars by using fine forceps. A total of 9,846 hard ticks were collected, including 4,977 Haemaphysalis longicornis, 4,313 Haemaphysalis flava, 508 Ixodes nipponensis, 1 Ixodes turdus, and 47 Amblyomma testudinarium. A total of 240 hard ticks were collected from 49 wild boars, including 109 H. flava, 84 H. longicornis, and 47 A. testudinarium. A total of 578 hard ticks were collected from areas around domestic pig farms. Only 2 hard tick species, 546 H. longicornis and 32 H. flava, were collected from these areas. A total of 9,028 hard ticks were collected from wild boars of 8 habitats, including 4,347 H. longicornis, 4,172 H. flava, 508 I. nipponensis, and 1 I. turdus. A. testudinarium was collected only from wild boars, and I. nipponensis and I. turdus were collected only from the habitats of wild boars.

• 농촌계획
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.81-96
• /
• 2009

This study has found out the status of the environment ecology(topography structure. land-use, flora, plant community structure, wildbird) in 10 uninhabited islands(i.e. Kei island, Hadon island, Sangdon island, Daewa island, Hwanggang island, Naebi island, Oebi island, Prickly castor-oil tree island, Tongin island, Yuk island), Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. Moreover, It has suggested ways of improving the environment ecology status by classifying the type of environment ecology about the degree of use and damage that based on the results of environment ecology survey. According to the results of topography structure survey, the survey site altitude was ranged within 1m$\sim$25m, otherwise, the radient was classified the rock area(.i.e. slope of less than $5^{\circ}$ the dead level) and the slope area where is steep slope. Moreover, there was showed evenly a variety of aspect. Land-use were divided the field(Kei island), dry native grasslands(Hadon island), naturalized grasslands(Sangdon island), Pinus thunbergii community(Dacwa island, Hwanggang island, Naebi island, Yuk island), the rock area(Oebi island, Prickly castor-oil tree island, Tongin island). As the results of flora survey, the number of plant species were 30$\sim$115 species and the naturalized species were found 2$\sim$12 species in each site. The results of plant community structure analysis, The dominant species were Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora were in upper tree layer, furthermore, it were Pinus thunbergii, Eurya japonica, Prunus sargentii, Celtis sinensis, Morus bombycis, ect. in cannopy tree layer. In shrub layer, the dominant species were Rosa multiflora, Rubus crataegifolius, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, etc. The status of wildbird bird, had been found 42 species 938 individuals, especially, there were Bubo bubo kiautschensis(natural monument No. 324) and Haematopus ostralegus osculans(natural monument No. 326). According to these synthetic results, we are able to classify the 5 types of environment ecology such as the natural coast forest that composed of Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora(Daewa island, Hwanggang island, Naebi island, Oebi island, Tongin island, Yuk island), the field in vegetation area(Kei island), vegetation succession area of fallow field type(Hadon island), vegetation damage area by the forest fire and disturbance elements(Prickly castor-oil tree island), dominant naturalized species grassland by grazing cattle(Sangdon island).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권7호
• /
• pp.966-972
• /
• 2005

A study to compare the effects of supplementing Delonix elata, Grewia similis, Tamarindus indica and sunflower seed cake on intake and growth rate of dual-purpose goats fed low quality Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) hay was carried out. Twenty-eight male goats aged five to seven months (mean weight 12.93${\pm}$3.94 kg) were randomly allocated to four dietary groups in a completely randomised design. The diets were hay plus Grewia similis, hay plus Delonix elata, hay plus Tamarindus indica and hay plus sunflower seed cake. All diets were supplemented with maize bran. The experimental period was 90 days. Voluntary dry matter intake of the supplements was higher for Tamarindus indica (275.5 g/day) and Grewia similis (201.8 g/day) and lowest for sunflower seed cake (81g/day). Goats supplemented with Grewia similis had the highest hay intake (183.8 g/day) while those supplemented with sunflower seed cake had the lowest hay intake (98.9 g/day). Animals fed browse supplements gained significantly more weight (p<0.001) than those with sunflower seed cake. There were no significant differences in live weight change between goats fed the different browses. However, those fed Tamarindus indica gained an average of 20.79 g/d which was slightly higher than the gains for those on Grewia similis and Delonix elata while those fed sunflower seed cake lost weight. Correspondingly, goats supplemented with browse leaf meals had higher feed conversion ratios than those supplemented with sunflower seed cake and required 23.91 to 35.06 g DM of feed to produce one g of weight gain per day. In a separate study, the DM disappearance pattern indicated that Grewia similis and Delonix elata were highly degradable compared to Tamarindus indica. At 24 h of incubation, DM degradability was 627, 588 and 345 g/kg DM for Grewia similis, Delonix elata and Tamarindus indica, respectively. In another study in vivo DM digestibility ranged from 46.1% (for hay alone) to 56.2% (for hay plus Grewia similis). It was concluded that the addition of Tamarindus indica, Grewia similis and Delonix elata leaf meals to Cenchrus ciliaris hay resulted in increased total DM intake, in vivo digestibility and growth rate. Therefore, leaf meals of indigenous browses particularly Tamarindus indica and Grewia similis could be used as supplementary feeds for small ruminants grazing on poor quality roughages during the dry season rather than use of expensive, less effective and intermittently available sunflower seed cake.