• 상하수도학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2021

The activity of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) immobilized in synthetic media (Poly Ethylene Glycol, PEG) and granular form was evaluated comparatively to investigate the effect of influent nitrogen concentration and exposure of oxygen. In ANAMMOX granule reactor, when concentration of influent total nitrogen increased to 500mg/L, removal efficiency of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate were shown to 90.5±6.5, 96.6±4.9, and 93.2±6.1%, respectively. In the case of the PEG gel, it showed lower nitrogen removal performance, resulting in that the removal efficiency of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate were shown to 83.3±13.0, 96.4±6.1, and 90.3±7.5%, respectively. In second step, when exposed to oxygen, the nitrogen removal performance in the ANAMMOX granule reactor also remained stable, but the activity of PEG gel ANAMMOX was found to be inhibited. Consequently, the PEG gel ANAMMOX was a higher sensitivity than that of granular ANAMMOX with two variables applied in this study.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.332-340
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• 2007

강우 시 도로에서의 초기 유출수는 유 무기물질, 중금속 등 유해물질이 부유물질에 흡착되어 거동되는 비율이 높으므로 부유물질을 분리할 수 있다면 상당량의 오염부하를 줄일 수가 있다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 도로에서 배출되는 강우유출수의 오염저감을 위해 필터를 이용한 수리동력학적 필터분리기를 이용하여 부유물질을 처리함에 있어 필터별 오염물질 처리효율을 비교 평가함으로서 도로유출수에 대한 오염물질 저감을 위한 현장에의 적용 방안을 모색함에 있다. 사용한 여재는 perlite, 활성탄, zeolite와 이들의 혼합소재를 대상으로 하여 칼럼여과실험과 필터분리기를 이용한 현장에서의 처리실험을 통해 여재별 처리정도 및 처리효율을 비교하였다. 칼럼여과실험결과 대체로 SS는 활성탄과 perlite, 활성탄, 소성한 zeolite의 혼합여재가, 중금속은 zeolite 및 활성탄이 양호하였다. HDFS에 의한 처리실험은 perlite와 활성탄 혼합여재가 도로유출수 처리에 적합할 것으로 조사되었다. 혼합여재에 대한 평균 처리 효율은 여재층이 9 cm, 수면적부하율 192-1,469 $m^3/m^2/d$의 범위에서 SS 48.1%, BOD 31.9%, COD 32.6%, TN 15.5%, TP 17.3%의 제거율을 나타내었고, 중금속인 경우 Fe 26.0%, Cu 19.4%, Cr 25.7, Zn 16.6%, Pb 15.0%로 조사되었다. 도로유출수의 처리를 위한 HDFS의 여재로서는 perlite와 활성탄을 혼합한 여재가 적절하였다.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.345-354
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 MPEG-4 AVC (Advanced Video Coding) 기반 미세입자 스케일러블 (Fine granular scalable: FGS) 비디오 코딩 기법의 성능을 향상시킬 수 있는 새로운 스캔 방법을 제안한다. 제안한 방법에서는 전송하고자 하는 영상에서 시청자에게 시각적으로 중요한 부분을 우선적으로 부호화하여 전송하고, 수신단에서도 해당 영상 정보를 우선적으로 복호화함으로써, 복원된 스케일러블 비디오의 화질을 향상시킨다. 제안한 방법의 성능을 확인하기 위한 실험 결과로부터 제안한 방법을 FGS에 적용하는 경우에는 복원 영상의 주관적인 화질을 크게 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate microbial removal using layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and iron (hydr)oxides (IHs) immobilized onto granular media. Column experiments were performed using calcium alginate beads (CA beads), LDHs entrapped in CA beads (LDH beads), quartz sand (QS), iron hydroxide-coated sand (IHCS) and hematite-coated sand (HCS). Microbial breakthrough curves were obtained by monitoring the effluent, with the percentage of microbial removal and collector efficiency then quantified from these curves. The results showed that the LDH beads were ineffective for the removal of the negatively-charged microbes (27.7% at 1 mM solution), even though the positively-charged LDHs were contained on the beads. The above could be related to the immobilization method, where LDH powders were immobilized inside CA beads with nano-sized pores (about 10 nm); therefore, micro-sized microbes (E. coli = 1.21 ${\mu}m$) could not diffuse through the pores to come into contact with the LDHs in the beads, but adhere only to the exterior surface of the beads via polymeric interaction. IHCS was the most effective in the microbial removal (86.0% at 1 mM solution), which could be attributed to the iron hydroxide coated onto the exterior surface of QS had a positive surface charge and, therefore, effectively attracted the negatively-charged microbes via electrostatic interactions. Meanwhile, HCS was far less effective (35.6% at 1 mM solution) than IHCS because the hematite coated onto the external surface of QS is a crystallized iron oxide with a negative surface charge. This study has helped to improve our knowledge on the potential application of functional granular media for microbial removal.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.35-51
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• 2017

The use of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and naturally occurring silica (Sand) as filtration media in water and waste water treatment systems is very common. While GAC offers the additional functionality of being an "adsorptive" filter for dissolved organics it is also more expensive. In this paper we present an experimental evaluation of the performance of a bed of GAC for colloid removal and compare the same with that from an equivalent bed of Sand. The experiments are performed in an "intermittent" manner over extended time, to "simulate" performance over the life of the filter bed. The experiments were continued till a significant drop in water flow rate through the bed was observed. A novel "deposition" and "detachment" rate based transient mathematical model is developed. It is observed that the data from the experiments can be explained by the above model, for different aqueous phase electrolyte concentrations. The model "parameters", namely the "deposition" and "detachment" rates are evaluated for the 2 filter media studied. The model suggests that the significantly better performance of GAC in colloid filtration is probably due to significantly lower detachment of colloids from the same. While the "deposition" rates are higher for GAC, the "detachment" rates are significantly lower, which makes GAC more effective than sand for colloid removal by over an order of magnitude.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2024

A silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic filter is an effective component for hot flue gas cleaning because of its high collection efficiency, high thermal shock resistance, and excellent mechanical strength. The effect of molding pressure in the production of SiC granular ceramic filters, on the mechanical strength and filtration performance, was investigated in this work. It was found that the ceramic filters produced at molding pressures less than 20 MPa have low mechanical strength and that this result was caused by weak physical interaction among the ceramic powders due to defects and cracks. On the other hand, the filter quality factor(q_F), which represents filtration performance of filter media, decreased with increasing the molding pressure due to the drastic increase in pressure drop. Ceramic filter performance factor(q_FM), which is the manipulation of maximum mechanical strength and q_F, was introduced to consider both mechanical strength and filtration performance in this study. As a result, molding pressure of 30 MPa was desirable to produce a SiC granular ceramic filter based on q_FM.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.281-294
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• 2012

Filtration using granular media such as quarried sand, anthracite and granular activated carbon is a well-known technique used in both water and wastewater treatment. A relatively new pre-filtration method called pebble matrix filtration (PMF) technology has been proved effective in treating high turbidity water during heavy rain periods that occur in many parts of the world. Sand and pebbles are the principal filter media used in PMF laboratory and pilot field trials conducted in the UK, Papua New Guinea and Serbia. However during first full-scale trials at a water treatment plant in Sri Lanka in 2008, problems were encountered in sourcing the required uniform size and shape of pebbles due to cost, scarcity and Government regulations on pebble dredging. As an alternative to pebbles, hand-made clay pebbles (balls) were fired in a kiln and their performance evaluated for the sustainability of the PMF system. These clay balls within a filter bed are subjected to stresses due to self-weight and overburden, therefore, it is important that clay balls should be able to withstand these stresses in water saturated conditions. In this paper, experimentally determined physical properties including compression failure load (Uniaxial Compressive Strength) and tensile strength at failure (theoretical) of hand-made clay balls are described. Hand-made clay balls fired between the kiln temperatures of $875^{\circ}C$ to $960^{\circ}C$ gave failure loads of between 3.0 kN and 7.1 kN. In another test when clay balls were fired to $1250^{\circ}C$ the failure load was 35.0 kN compared to natural Scottish cobbles with an average failure load of 29.5 kN. The uniaxial compressive strength of clay balls obtained by experiment has been presented in terms of the tensile yield stress of clay balls. Based on the effective stress principle in soil mechanics, a method for the estimation of maximum theoretical load on clay balls used as filter media is proposed and compared with experimental failure loads.

• 기술사
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.26-29
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• 1987

The physical and chemical characteristics of bacteriostatic water filter media are compared to granular activated carbon upon which a silver impregnated. Silver ion that has been chemically impregnated the activated carbon was the bactericidal agent in water filter media. Also, silver Ion that has teen chemically impregnated onto the activated acetate resin was the bactericidal agent in ultrasonic humidifier. Silver impregnated active carbon and silver cartridge will be able to the bactericidal agents for statical water.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.523-528
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• 2000

공정육묘장과 양액재배 농장에서 재배후 폐기되는 폐배지를 재활용한 배지를 개발하기 위하여 실험을 수행하였다. 공정육묘 폐배지와 양액재배 폐코이어, 그리고 펄라이트, 입상암면, 버미큘라이트를 여러 가지 부피비로 혼합한 배지에 페츄니아(Petunia hybrida) 'Madness Rose'와 팬지(Viola tricolor) 'Magestic GT'의 플러그묘를 각각 파종후 33일과 40일간 재배하였다. 육묘 폐배지와 양액재배 폐코이어는 $120^{\circ}C$ 1.5기압하에서 30분 동안 증기소독하였다. 대조구로는 미사용의 육묘배지[토실이 상토, pH 5.10, EC $0.12mS{\cdot}cm^{-1}$, 1:5 희석법, 신안그로(주)]를 사용하였다. 재배전 배지의 pH는 6~7로 처리간 차이가 적었고, 재배후의 pH도 재배전과 유사했다. EC는 폐배지가 들어간 처리에서 다소 높았고 폐코이어(75%)+버미큘라이트(25%) 처리에서도 높았으며 처리간 변화의 폭이 pH보다 컸다. 입상암면이나 펄라이트 혼합처리에서는 EC가 다소 낮았다. 폐코이어(75%)+펄라이트(25%)의 처리에서 페튜니아는 초장, 근형성, 지상부 건물중, 엽수가, 그리고 팬지는 초장, 생체중, 건물중, 지상부 생체중, 지상부 건물중이 가장 컸다. 폐배지보다 폐코이어가 혼합된 배지의 이화학성이 더 우수하였고 생육에서도 보다 좋은 결과를 나타냈다. 이상의 결과로부터 폐배지를 이용시에는 펄라이트나 입상암면을 혼합하는 것이 좋을 것으로 사료된다.

• E2M - 전기 전자와 첨단 소재
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.59.1-59
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• 2003