• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• 제7권
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• pp.33-44
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• 1999

Enthalpy transport in a pulse tube was investigated by two-dimensional analysis of mass, momentum and energy equations assuming that the axial temperature gradient in the pulse tube was constant. The time-averaged second-order conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy were used to show the existence of steady mass and enthalpy streaming. Effects of the axial temperature gradient, velocity amplitude ratio, and heat transfer between the gas and the tube wall On the steady mass and enthalpy streaming were shown. Enthalpy loss due to the steady mass streaming is zero for basic and orifice pulse tube refrigerators, but it is proportional to the axial temperature gradient and steady mass flow rate through a pulse tube for double inlet pulse tube refrigerators.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.249-270
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• 2014

Through comparing the mean wind profiles observed overland during the passages of four typhoons, and the gradient wind speeds calculated based on the sea level pressure data provided by a numerical model, the present paper discusses, (a) whether the gradient balance is a valid assumption to estimate the wind speed in the height range of 1250 m ~ 1750 m, which is defined as the upper-level mean wind speed, in a tropical cyclone over land, and (b) if the super-gradient feature is systematically observed below the height of 1500 m in the tropical cyclone wind field over land. It has been found that, (i) the gradient balance is a valid assumption to estimate the mean upper-level wind speed in tropical cyclones in the radial range from the radius to the maximum wind (RMW) to three times the RMW, (ii) the super-gradient flow dominates the wind field in the tropical cyclone boundary layer inside the RMW and is frequently observed in the radial range from the RMW to twice the RMW, (iii) the gradient wind speed calculated based on the post-landfall sea level pressure data underestimates the overall wind strength at an island site inside the RMW, and (iv) the unsynchronized decay of the pressure and wind fields in the tropical cyclone might be the reason for the underestimation.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.477-490
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• 2018

Effects of inflow Reynolds number (Re), turbulence intensity (I) and pressure gradient on the transition flow over a blade section were studied using the ${\gamma}-Re{\theta}$ transition model (STAR-CCM+). Results show that the $Re_T$ (transition Re) at the transition location ($P_T$) varies strongly with Re, I and the magnitude of pressure gradient. The $Re_T$ increases significantly with the increase of the magnitude of favorable pressure gradient. It demonstrates that the $Re_T$ on different blade sections of a rotating propeller are different. More importantly, when there is strong adverse pressure gradient, the $P_T$ is always close to the minimum pressure point. Based on these conclusions, the $P_T$ on model propeller blade surface can be estimated. Numerical investigations of pressure distribution and transition flow on a propeller blade section prove these findings. Last, a simple method was proposed to estimate the $P_T$ only based on the propeller geometry and the advance coefficient.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to survey the effects of the beachface gradient on 3-D currents around the open inlets of submerged breakwaters. First, the numerical model was validated by a comparison with existing experimental data. This model is able to consider the flow through a porous medium with inertial, laminar, and turbulent resistance terms, i.e. simulate directly WAve?Structure?Seabed/Sandy beach interaction, and can determine the eddy viscosity with a LES turbulent model in a 3-Dimensional wave field (LES-WASS-3D). Using the numerical results of this model, the 3-D currents around the open inlets of submerged breakwaters were examined in relation to the beachface gradient. Moreover, the wave height distribution and mean flow around them are also discussed, as well as the distribution of the wave breaking points over the crest.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.627-641
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• 2014

Functionally graded steels (FGSs) are a family of functionally graded materials (FGMs) consisting of ferrite (${\alpha}$), austenite (${\gamma}$), bainite (${\beta}$) and martensite (M) phases placed on each other in different configurations and produced via electroslag remelting (ESR). In this research, the flow stress of dual layer austenitic-martensitic functionally graded steels under hot deformation loading has been modeled considering the constitutive equations which describe the continuous effect of temperature and strain rate on the flow stress. The mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity theory is used here to determine the position of each layer considering the relationship between the hardness of the layer and the composite dislocation density profile. Then, the released energy of each layer under a specified loading condition (temperature and strain rate) is related to the dislocation density utilizing the mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity theory. The flow stress of the considered FGS is obtained by using the appropriate coefficients in the constitutive equations of each layer. Finally, the theoretical model is compared with the experimental results measured in the temperature range $1000-1200^{\circ}C$ and strain rate 0.01-1 s-1 and a sound agreement is found.

• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2011

Regenerative blower is suitable for hydrogen recirculation in fuel cell vehicle due to its capability of high pressure rise in single stage. Numerical models were applied to investigate inner gap leakage flow characteristics. A leakage flow in the inner gap is dominantly affected by pressure gradient. Therefore a blower with concentric channel type was suggested as one of modified models for reducing the inner gap pressure gradient. Also numerical results such as pressure rise, efficiency, leakage flow rate and torque were compared between modified and reference models. The performance of concentric channel type was improved as a result of reduced leakage flow.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.315-323
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• 2009

Hydraulic gradient of the landfill soils is estimated by Devlin (2003) method, and its variation characteristics from rainfall and permeability of the aquifer material are analyzed. The study site of 18 m $\times$ 12 m is located in front of the Environment Research Center at the Pukyong National University, and core logging, slug/bail test and groundwater monitoring was performed. The sluglbail tests were performed in 9 wells (except BH9 well), and drawdown data with elapsed time for bail tests were analyzed using Bouwer-Rice and Hvorslev methods. The average hydraulic conductivity estimated in each of the test wells was ranged $1.991{\times}10^{-7}{\sim}4.714{\times}10^{-6}m/sec$, and the average hydraulic conductivity in the study site was estimated $2.376{\times}10^{-6}m/sec$ for arithmetic average, $1.655{\times}10^{-6}m/sec$ for geometric average and $9.366{\times}10^{-7}m/sec$ for harmonic average. The permeability of landfill soils was higher at the east side of the study site than at the west side. Groundwater level in 10 wells was monitored 44 times from October 2 to November 7, 2007. The groundwater level was ranged 1.187$\sim$1.610 m, and the average groundwater level range in each of the well showed 1.256$\sim$1.407 m. The groundwater level was higher at the east side than at the west side of the study site, and this distribution is identify to it of hydraulic conductivity. The hydraulie gradient and the major flow direction for 10 wells were estimated 0.0072$\sim$0.0093 and $81.7618{\sim}88.0836^{\circ}$, respectively. Also, the hydraulic gradient and the major flow direction for 9 wells were estimated 0.0102$\sim$0.0124 and $84.6822{\sim}89.1174^{\circ}$, respectively. The hydraulic gradient of the study site increased from rainfall (83.5 mm) on October 7, causing by that the groundwater level of the site with high permeability was higher. The hydraulic gradient estimated on and after October 16 was stable, due to almost no rainfall. Thus, it was confirmed that the variation of the hydraulic gradient in the landfill soils was controlled by the rainfall.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.58-65
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• 1995

A numerical study for a two dimensional multi-jet with crossflow of the spent fluid has been carried out. Three different distributions of mass-flow rate at 5 jet exits were assumed to see their effects upon the flow characteristics, especially in the jet-flow region. For each distribution, various Reynolds numbers ranging from laminar to turbulent flows were considered. Calculations drew the following items as conclusion. 1) The development of the free jets issued from downstream jets was hindered by the crossflow formed due to jets. Consequently, the free jet was developed into the channel flow without any evident symptom of impingement jet flow characteristics 2) The crossflow induced the pressure gradient along the cross section of jet exits and the value of the pressure gradient increased as going downstream. The crossflow generated also the turbulent kinetic energy as it collied with the downstream jets. 3) The skin friction coefficient along the impingement plate was affected more by the distribution of mass flow rate at jet exits rather than by the Reynolds number. The skin friction coefficient was inversely proportional to the square root of the Reynolds number, regardless of flow regime when a fully developed flow was formed in the jet flow region. 4) The distribution of the skin friction coefficient along the impingement plate was found to be controlled by adjusting the distribution of mass flow rate at jet exits.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.569-579
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• 2006

In the present study, the unsteady Couette flow with heat transfer of a dusty viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid under the influence of an exponential decaying pressure gradient is studied without neglecting the Hall effect. The parallel plates are assumed to be porous and subjected to a uniform suction from above and injection from below while the fluid is acted upon by an external uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plates. The governing equations are solved numerically using finite differences to yield the velocity and temperature distributions for both the fluid and dust particles.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2007년도 추계 학술대회논문집
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• pp.100-110
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• 2007

A new design approach for a delicate treatment of complex geometries such as a wing/body configuration is arranged using overset mesh technique under large scale computing environment for turbulent viscous flow. Various pre- and post-processing techniques which are required of overset flow analysis and sensitivity analysis codes are discussed for design optimization problems based on gradient based optimization method (GBOM). The overset flow analysis code is validated by comparing with the experimental data of a wing/body configuration (DLR-F4) from the 1st Drag Prediction Workshop (DPW-I). In order to examine the applicability of the present design tools, careful design works for the drag minimization problem of a wing/body configuration are carried out by using the developed aerodynamic shape optimization tools for the viscous flow over multiple-body aircraft geometries.