• 한국동물학회지
• /
• 제37권3호
• /
• pp.311-317
• /
• 1994

Seasonal variations of GnRH were investigated by immunohlstochemicsl technique in three species of frog, Rona niEromaculutu, R. dvbowskii 8nd R. mgosa with different ovulation period in order to examine the relationship between GnRH expression and reproductive function. In all three species of frog, the intensity of GnRH immunoreactivitv and the number of GnRH neurons in the brawn were relatively high in frogs at the pre-ovulation period and markedly increased at the ovulation period. Those were then decreased after ovulation and further lowered during early hibernation period. These results indicate that GnRH experssion is closely related to specific phases of annual reproductive cycle in frog.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제35권12호
• /
• pp.1850-1859
• /
• 2022

Objective: The quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is the most accurate and reliable technique for analysis of gene expression. Endogenous reference genes (RGs) have been used to normalize qPCR data, although their expression may vary in different tissues and experimental conditions. Verification of the stability of RGs in selected samples is a prerequisite for reliable results. Therefore, we attempted to identify the most stable RGs in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in sows. Methods: The cycle threshold values of nine commonly used RGs (18S, HPRT1, GAPDH, RPL4, PPIA, B2M, YWHAZ, ACTB, and SDHA) from HPG axis-related tissues in the domestic sows in the different stages of estrus cycle were analyzed using two RG-finding programs, geNorm and Normfinder, to rank the stability of the pool of RGs. In addition, the effect of the most and least stable RGs was examined by normalization of the target gene, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), in the hypothalamus. Results: PPIA, HPRT1, and YWHAZ were the most stable RGs in the HPG axis-related tissues in sows regardless of the stages of estrus cycle. In contrast, traditional RGs, including 18S and ACTB, were found to be the least stable under these experimental conditions. In particular, in the normalization of GnRH expression in the hypothalamus against several stable RGs, PPIA, HPRT1, and YWHAZ, could generate significant (p<0.05) elevation of GnRH in the preovulatory phase compared to the luteal phase, but the traditional RGs with the least stability (18S and ACTB) did not show a significant difference between groups. Conclusion: These results indicate the importance of verifying RG stability prior to commencing research and may contribute to experimental design in the field of animal reproductive physiology as reference data.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제51권4호
• /
• pp.336-342
• /
• 2019

참당귀 유래 면역활성 다당의 활성과 구조의 상관관계를 규명하고자 조다당 AGE-0로부터 두 차례의 연속적인 컬럼 크로마토그래피를 실행하여 단일 정제 다당 AGE-2c-I을 얻었다. AGE-2c-I은 농도의존적으로 우수한 항보체 활성을 보여주었으며, 일반화학적 특성을 분석한 결과, 분자량 약 140 kDa의 고분자 다당으로 4종의 구성당과 13종의 당쇄 결합양식으로 구성되어 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 다당은 ${\beta}$-glucosyl Yariv reagent와의 높은 반응성을 보임으로써 arabino-3,6-galactan의 구조를 가진 rhamnogalacturonan-I 구조임을 추정할 수 있었다. 한편, AGE-2c-I의 미세구조의 해명과 항보체 활성에 관여하는 다당 중의 활성부위 검토를 위해 ${\alpha}$-L-arabinofuranosidase와 endo-1,4-${\beta}$-galactanase를 이용한 연속적 가수분해를 행하고 얻은 단편획분들을 이용, 구성당 및 당쇄결합 양식 분석, ${\beta}$-glucosyl Yariv reagent와의 반응성 검토 및 항보체 활성 결과를 분석한 결과, 참당귀 유래 항보체활성 다당 AGE-2c-I은 rhamnogalacturonan-I과 유사한 구조를 소유하고 있음이 확인되었으며, AGE-2c-I의 측쇄 구조인 arabino-${\beta}$-3,6-galactan 사슬이 항보체 활성 발현에 주요 역할을 수행하며, 5-linked Araf와 3,5-branched Araf로 구성된 ${\alpha}$-arabinan 측쇄가 활성에 부분적으로 관여하고 있음을 최종 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제46권5호
• /
• pp.657-665
• /
• 2022

Background: Sarcopenia is a new and emerging risk factor aggravating the quality of life of elderly population. Because Korean Red Ginseng (RG) is known to have a great effect on relieving fatigue and enhancing physical performance, it is invaluable to examine its potential as an anti-sarcopenic drug. Methods: Anti-sarcopenic effect of non-saponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng (RGNS) was evaluated in C2C12 myoblasts treated with C2-ceramide to induce senescence phenotypes, and 22-month-old mice fed with chow diet containing 2% RGNS (w/w) for 4 further months. Results: The RGNS treatment significantly alleviated cellular senescence indicated by intracellular lipid accumulation, increased amount of lysosomal β-galactosidase, and reduced proliferative capacity in C2C12 myoblasts. This effect was not observed with saponin fraction. In an aged mouse, the 4-month-RGNS diet significantly improved aging-associated loss of muscle mass and strength, assessed by the weights of hindlimb skeletal muscles such as tibialis anterior (TA), extensor digitorum longus (EDL), gastrocnemius (GN) and soleus (SOL), and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of SOL muscle, and the behaviors in grip strength and hanging wire tests, respectively. During the same period, an aging-associated shift of fast-to slow-twitch muscle in SOL muscle was also retarded by the RGNS treatment. Conclusions: These findings suggested that the long-term diet of RGNS significantly prevented aging-associated muscle atrophy and reduced physical performance, and thus RGNS has a strong potential to be developed as a drug that prevents or improves sarcopenia.