• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1366-1370
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• 2004

Controlled pore glass bead was modified with bovine serum albumin (BSA), and glutathione (GSH) was immobilized through three kinds of linkers on top of BSA. Bis(3-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide suberate) sodium salt $(BS^3)$, N-hydroxysuccinimide 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP), or N-hydroxysuccinimide 4-maleimidobutyrate (GMBS) was introduced into the BSA-bound matrix. Subsequently, GSH was immobilized by addition of thiol side chain into the maleimido moiety, replacing a disulfide group, or formation of an amide group upon releasing 3-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccimide group. It was observed that conjugation methodology played a critical role for activity of the immobilized GSH. SDS-PAGE chromatogram showed that the matrix of glutathione immobilized on BSA through GMBS manifested high selectivity towards glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in cell lysate.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.239-247
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• 1999

Six-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were fed the diets of 20% casein or soy protein. Two weeks after the feeding, hepatocellular chemical carcinogenesis was initiated by diethylnitrosamine(DEN), and promoted by the diet containing 0.01% 2-acetylamino-fluorene(AAF) and two-thirds partial hepatectomy(PH). The animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks after the DEN injection. The area of placetal glutathione S-trnasferase(GST-P) positive foci, the activities of several enzymes in cellualr antioxidant enzyme systems and glucose 6-phosphatase were determined to investigate the mechanism of the anticarcinogenic effect by the dietary proteins. In another set of experiments, the drinking water of rats fed casein was supplemented with 1.5% inositol hexaphosphate(InsP6) to elucidate whether it has the comparable anticancer action of soy protein. The area and number of GST-P positive foci in the soy protein group were significantly(p<0.05) lower than those inthe casein group. The livers of rats fed casein showed moderate fattydegeneration and larger hyperplastic nodules than those of rats fed soy protein. In another set of experiments, the area and number of GST-P positive foci in the rats fed casein supplemented with InsP6 were not significantly different from those in the rats fed casein or soy protein. The lipid peroxidation of rats fed different protein sources showed no significant difference. Glutathione S-transferase(GST) activities were increased significantly(p<0.05) by carcinogen treatment in all dietary groups. Glucose 6-phosphatase(G6Pase) activities were decreased by carcinogen treatment, and hence showed a reverse relationship(r=-0.695, p<0.01) to the GST-P positive foci. Therefore, the activities in the rats fed casein were lower than those in the rats fed soy protein. These results suggest that the soy protein seems to be more anti-carcinogenic than casein by decreasing the preneoplastic lesion and by increasing the membrane stability but inositol hexaphosphate, a component of soy protein, may not be protective against hepatocarcinogenesis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.16-28
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• 2011

Oxidative stress leads to the induction of cellular oxidative damage, which may cause adverse modifications of DNA, proteins, and lipids. The production of reactive species during oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases. Antioxidant defenses can neutralize reactive oxygen species and protect against oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant status and the degree of DNA damage in Korean young adults using glutathione s-transferase (GST) polymorphisms. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were characterized in 245 healthy young adults by smoking status, and their oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes and antioxidant status were assessed by GST genotype. General characteristics were investigated by simple questionnaire. From the blood of the subjects, GST genotypes; degree of DNA damage in lymphocytes; the erythrocyte activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase; plasma concentrations of total peroxyl radical-trapping potential (TRAP), vitamin C, ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol, ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-carotene and cryptoxanthin, as well as plasma lipid profiles, conjugated diene (CD), GOT, and GPT were analyzed. Of the 245 subjects studied, 23.2% were GSTM1 wild genotypes and 33.4% were GSTT1 wild genotype. No difference in erythrocyte activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, or glutathione peroxidase, and the plasma TRAP level, CD, GOT, and GPT levels were observed between smokers and non-smokers categorized by GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotype. Plasma levels of ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol increased significantly in smokers with the GSTT1 wild genotype (p < 0.05); however, plasma level of ${\alpha}$-carotene decreased significantly in non-smokers with the GSTM1 wild genotype (p < 0.05). DNA damage assessed by the Comet assay was significantly higher in non-smokers with the GSTM1 genotype; whereas DNA damage was significantly lower in non-smokers with the GSTT1 genotype. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher in non-smokers with the GSTT1 genotype than those with the GSTT1 wild genotype (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the GSTM1 genotype or the GSTT1 wild genotype in non-smokers aggravated their antioxidant status through DNA damage of lymphocytes; however, the GSTT1 wild type in non-smokers had normal plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. This finding confirms that GST polymorphisms could be an important determinant of antioxidant status and plasma lipid profiles in non-smoking young adults. Further study is necessary to clarify the antioxidant status and/or lipid profiles of smokers with the GST polymorphism and to conduct a study with significantly more subjects.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.708-719
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 104명의 성인남녀를 대상으로 그들의 GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1의 유전적 다형성 분포도를 조사한 결과, 전체 대상자들 중 각각 60명(57.4%), 42명(40.6%)가 GSTT1 과 GSTM1의 유전자를 가지고 있었으며, GSTT1과 GSTM1 유전자가 둘 다를 가진 대상자는 27명(25.7%), 둘 중에 하나만 가지고 있는 사람은 47명(45.5%) 그리고 둘 다 없는 사람은 30명으로 28.7%에 해당되었다. GSTP1 유전자의 경우 homozygous(a/a) wild type은 79명(75.5%)으로 대부분의 대상자가 여기에 해당되었으며, heterozygous(a/b) heterozygous type은 22명(21.6%), 그리고 homozygous(b/b) wild type으로 나타난 대상자는 3명(2.9%)이었다. GSTT1 null type은 산화적 스트레스를 더 많이 받고 있는 것으로 알려진흡연자의 비율이 present 군에 비해 낮음에도 불구하고 적혈구 GSH의 농도는 유의적으로 낮고 임파구 DNA 손상정도는 유의적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. GSTM1 유전자의 경우 적혈구 GSH-Px의 활성만이 GSTM1 null type이 presenttype에 비해 유의적으로 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 나머지 다른 지표에서는 GSTM1 null type과 present type 간의 유의적인 차이가 없었다. GSTP1 유전자 다형성에 따른 항산화 영양상태의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 흡연과 GST 유전자 다형성의 상호작용결과, 혈장 ${\alpha}$-carotene 농도, 적혈구 GSH-Px와 GST 활성은 GSTT1 null type의 경우 흡연자에 비해 비흡연자가 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며, GSTT1 present type에서는 흡연자와 비흡연자간의 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. GSTM1 유전자의 경우 GSTM1의 null type에서 흡연자의 경우 비흡연자에 비해 혈장 ${\gamma}$-tocopherol과 ${\beta}$-carotene 수준이 유의적으로 낮았다. GSTT1과 GSTM1 유전자가 둘 다 없는 경우(both null)에는 흡연자의 혈장 lycopene과 적혈구 GST 활성이 비흡연자에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다. GSTP1 유전자의 경우 혈장 ${\alpha}$-carotene과 적혈구 GSH-Px 활성은 a/a type의 흡연자가 비흡연자에 비해 유의적으로 낮았고, 적혈구 catalase의 활성은 a/b type에서 흡연자가 비흡연자에 비해 유의적으로 낮았으며, ${\beta}$-carotene 농도는 두 type 모두에서 유의적으로 흡연자가 낮았다. 이상의 연구 결과 GST 유전적 다형성에따라 산화, 항산화 관련 효소 활성 및 항산화 영양소 수준의상태가 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 특히 흡연자의 경우 GST 유전자 type에 따라 항산화 영양상태가 더 큰 영향을 받음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 유전적 다형성에따라 항산화 영양소의 권장수준을 책정하는데 기초연구자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 즉, GSTT1 또는 GSTM1 null type의 경우 비흡연자에 비해 흡연자가 항산화 영양소 수준이 더 낮게 나타났으므로 그들의 체내 항산화 영양 상태를 증가시킬 수 있는 여러 방안들, 즉 항산화 비타민의 보충투여 및 야채와 과일의 섭취 권장 등이 고려될 수 있을 것이다. 또한 GST 유전자 다형성에 따라 항산화 영양상태의 차이가 있으므로 항산화 관련 in vitro 실험, 동물 및 인체 실험의 결과 해석 시 나타나는 개인 간의 변이차이는 GST 유전자 다형성으로 일부분 설명될 수 있으리라 기대된다. 향후대상자의 범위를 좀 더 넓혀서 GST 유전자 다형성과 항산화 영양상태의 관계를 규명하고자 하며 더불어 산화물질 해독에 관여하는 다른 유전자(CYP 450, SULT 등)의 역할에 대해서도 계속적인 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 1999년도 제51차 추계 학술대회 연제집
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• pp.132-133
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• 1999

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.112-119
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• 2004

Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms (GST) were examined in 98 cases with cerebrovascular disease (CVD) to test the hypothesis that GST polymorphisms confer a risk to an individual to develop CVD. Tobacco smoke is a major cause of both cancer and vascular disease. We therefore were stratified the subjects with CVD for smoking status, and then examined whether polymorphisms in this detoxification enzyme gene, GST, influence risk of CVD. Neither GSTM1 nor GSTT1 genotypes in the CVD group was significantly different from the control group (n=230), even in smokers. We attempted the combined analyses for GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes in CVD for smoking status. No significant association observed between the combined genotypes and CVD. We also classified the subjects and control group into four types according to Sasang Constitutional Medicine, Korean Traditional Oriental Medicine, and investigated the association among GST genotypes, CVD, and Sasang constitutional classification. Our observations do not confirm the effect of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes as a risk factor for CVD, even in smokers. Furthermore, we first attempted to evaluate the efficacy of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, and to find an association with CVD.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.22-25
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• 2000

Formation of glutathione (GSH) conjugates with 2- or 6-(1-hydroxymethyl)- and 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-DMNQ derivatives (DMNQ, 5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquone was carried out in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), in the presence of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), in rat liver S-9 fraction and by perfusion, and the rates of conjugates formation were compared and correlated to cytotoxicity. The GSH conjugates of 6-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-DMNQ derivatives were formed faster than 2-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-DMNQ derivatives under all of the media, implying that steric hindrance was the cause of lowering the rate of conjugate formation of 2-substituted derivatives. For both isomers, addition of GST did not improve the reaction rate, compared with that in buffer, while the reaction in the S-9 fraction and the perfusate was accelerated to a great extent. The catalytic effect of the S-9 fraction and the perfusate contain an effective system relaxing the steric hindrance of 2-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-DMNQ derivatives. Furthermore, a good correlation between the formation of the GSH conjugates and the cytotoxic activity of both naphthazarin isomers suggests that the steric hindrance is a cause of lowering the cytotoxicity of 2-isomers.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.1546-1549
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• 2007

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS, 3 kDa

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2002

발암물질을 무독화시키는 QR 생성 유도를 살펴보기 위하여 석창포 약침액 및 열수추출액을 생쥐의 간암세포인 Hepa1c1c7에 처리하여 측정한 결과, 석창포 약침액의 농도를 증가시킬수록 높은 QR 생성율을 보였으며, QR 활성 유도효과 보다는 낮았찌만 GSH와 GST 생성도 증가하였다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.462-467
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• 1996

Acetolactate synthase (ALS, EC 4.1.3.18) is the first common enzyme in the biosynthesis of leucine, isoleucine, and valine. It is the target enzyme for several classes of herbicides, including the sulfonylureas, the imidazolinones, the mazolopyrimidines, the pyrimidyl-oxy-benzoates, the pyrimidyl-thio-benzens, and the 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidines. An amino-terminal fragment of the sulfonylurea-resistant ALS gene (SurB) from Nicotiana tabaccum was cloned into the bacterial expression vector pGEX-2T. The resulting recombinant plasmid pGEX-ALS1 was used to transform Escherichia coli strain BL21, and the tobacco ALS was expressed in the bacteria as a protein fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST). Polyclonal antibodies against the fusion product (GST-ALS) were produced, and the sensitivity of GST-ALS with the rabbit anti-GST-ALS IgG was up to 50 ng. This antibody was used for Western blot analysis of the partially purified ALS from barley shoots. The results suggest that the polyclonal antibody produced in this study can be used to detect plant ALS.