• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.167-177
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• 2007

For the continuous growth of the construction industry and the increase of the global competitiveness, research and development of construction technology is necessary. However, the R&D investment of Korean government for the construction industry is not sufficient compared with other countries and the various policies for encouraging construction R&D investment need to be improved too. This research focuses on the promotion of the construction R&D by the private sector that is one of the principal body of construction R&D and also the final user of the developed construction technology. This research suggests three promotion directions for the construction R&D by private sector; (1) the direction of creating better R&D investment climate, (2) the direction of increasing R&D investment amount, and (3) the direction of fostering R&D activities immediately.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.587-607
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• 2020

Soil moisture is essential information for meteorological and hydrological analyses. To date, many efforts have been made to achieve the two goals for soil moisture data, i.e., the improvement of accuracy and resolution, which is very challenging. We presented an ensemble downscaling method for quality improvement of gridded soil moisture data in terms of the accuracy and the spatial resolution by the integration of BMA (Bayesian model averaging) and ATPRK (area-to-point regression kriging). In the experiments, the BMA ensemble showed a 22% better accuracy than the data sets from ESA CCI (European Space Agency-Climate Change Initiative), ERA5 (ECMWF Reanalysis 5), and GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation System) in terms of RMSE (root mean square error). Also, the ATPRK downscaling could enhance the spatial resolution from 0.25° to 0.05° while preserving the improved accuracy and the spatial pattern of the BMA ensemble, without under- or over-estimation. The quality-improved data sets can contribute to a variety of local and regional applications related to soil moisture, such as agriculture, forest, hydrology, and meteorology. Because the ensemble downscaling method can be applied to the other land surface variables such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, and evapotranspiration, it can be a viable option to complement the accuracy and the spatial resolution of satellite images and numerical models.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.85-92
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• 2013

Many efforts will have to be made on securing the stable supply of the energy due to the worldwide trend of controlling the utilization fossil fuels inducing global climate change. Renewable portfolio standard enforced to power companies over 500 MW capacity from 2012. Tidal current energy is one of the most interesting renewable and clean energy resources that have been less exploited. Especially, Korea has worldwide outstanding tidal current energy resources and it is highly required to develop a tidal current energy conversion system(TECS) in coastal region. So, we examine a tidal in-stream energy using a numerical model and estimate a tidal current potential for commercialization of tidal current power plant in the sea of the Bunamgun-do. Available tidal energy resources is also analytically estimated using a tidal farm method and the annual energy production of an optimal TECS arrays will be calculated with taking into account interference of lateral and longitudinal spacing.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.365-377
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• 2011

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the second forest vegetation located in Mt. Duryun affiliated to the ecotone in southern part of Korea, and foreseeing vegetation change based on component species and dominant species on canopy. The second forest vegetation is classified into 3 community units as Quercus serrata-Quercus variabilis community, Dendropanax morbiferus-Quercus acuta community and Chamaecyparis obtusa plantation. This research is also expatiated on the relationship between the distribution of communities and the environmental conditions. Quercus serrata-Quercus variabilis community will be succession horizontally and gradually from the part where Quercus variabilis is dominated relatively at first to the other part in the community, according to the component species of deciduous broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone and evergreen broad-leaved forest as Camellietea japonicae.

• Atmosphere
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.567-583
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• 2019

In this study, the high-resolution numerical simulations considering detailed anthropogenic heat, albedo, emission and roughness length are analyzed by using single layer Urban Canopy Model (UCM) in Weather Research Forecast (WRF). For this, improved urban parameter data for Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) was collected from global data. And then the parameters were applied to WRF-UCM model after it was processed into 2-dimensional topographical data. The 6 experiments were simulated by using the model with each parameter and verified against observation from Automated Weather Station (AWS) and flux tower for the temperature and sensible heat flux. The data for sensible heat flux of flux towers on Jungnang and Bucheon, the temperature of AWS on Jungnang, Gangnam, Bucheon and Neonggok were used as verification data. In the case of summer, the improvement of simulation by using detailed anthropogenic heat was higher than the other experiments in sensible flux simulation. The results of winter case show improved in all simulations using each advanced parameters in temperature and sensible heat flux simulation. Improvement of urban parameters in this study are possible to reflect the heat characteristics of urban area. Especially, detailed application of anthropogenic heat contributed to the enhancement of predicted value for sensible heat flux and temperature.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.451-461
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• 2005

The $CO_2$ storage in geologic and oceanic reservoirs is considered to be one of the carbon management strategies for responding to global climate change. Ocean carbon sequestration is purposeful storage acceleration into the ocean of large amounts of carbon that would accumulate in the atmosphere and naturally enter the ocean over a longer timespan. Some technologies for $CO_2$ ocean sequestrations have been developed as a nation project. However, $CO_2$ ocean sequestrations are attractive because they have the advantage of vast capacity sequestration far away from industrial areas, and offer easier monitoring whereas less economic advantage has been indicated as one of the key barriers compared with $CO_2$ geosphere sequestration, which is produced as a byproduct. In this paper, a conceptual design for $CO_2$ ocean sequestration is introduced, and the preliminary examination is described. As a result, the $CO_2$ price, US$ 24/t shows far away from the economics. The causes come from the expensive $CO_2$ recovery cost and the low $CO_2$ price. The expensive $CO_2$ recovery cost is because too much electricity and water are consumed. In order to look for an economic balance point for $CO_2$ ocean sequestration, NPV=0, it is increases the $CO_2$ price. Finally 60.4$ per ton is found to be the balance price.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2012

Currently, the technology of $CO_2$ capture and storage (CCS) has become the main issue for climate change and global warming. Among CCS technologies, the prediction of $CO_2$ behavior underground is very critical for $CO_2$ storage design, especially for its safety. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to model and simulate $CO_2$ flow and its heat transfer characteristics in a storage site, for more accurate evaluation of the safety for $CO_2$ storage process. In the present study, as part of the storage design, a micro pore-scale model was developed to mimic real porous structure, and computational fluid dynamics was applied to calculate the $CO_2$ flow and thermal fields in the micro pore-scale porous structure. Three different configurations of 3-dimensional (3D) micro-pore structures were developed, and compared. In particular, the technique of assigning random pore size in 3D porous media was considered. For the computation, physical conditions such as temperature and pressure were set up, equivalent to the underground condition at which the $CO_2$ fluid was injected. From the results, the characteristics of the flow and thermal fields of $CO_2$ were scrutinized, and the influence of the configuration of the micro-pore structure on the flow and scalar transport was investigated.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.5
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• pp.593-601
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• 2009

Forest disturbances including forest fire, insect pests and diseases, landslides, and forest conversion from 1976 to 2005 were investigated to trace the changes of major forest disturbance agents and their characteristics over time in accordance with changes in natural and social environment in South Korea. While the damaged area by insect pests and diseases continuously decreased for the past 30 years, damaged areas by forest fire and landslide were fluctuating through years. The interval of large forest fires has become shorter with increased tree volume. The precipitation between January and April were significantly correlated with large fire occurrences as Pearson's correlation coefficient -0.400 (P=0.029). The composition of major insect pests and diseases damaging Korean forests has been changed continuously, and become more diversified. While damages by pine caterpillar (Dendrolimus spectabilis) and pine needle gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis) decreased, damage by introduced pests has been more serious recently. The change of precipitation pattern that brought more localized heavy rain or powerful typhoon resulted in the recent increase in landslide areas. The major land uses to induce forest conversion have been changed, reflecting the changes in industrial structure in South Korea as agriculture and mining in 1970s, mining and golf ranges classified in pasture in 1980s, and road and housing construction in 1990s and 2000s. Changes in forest disturbance patterns in South Korea show that a country's industrial development is jointly working with global warming on forest stand dynamics. Altering energy structure and land use pattern induced by industrial development accumulates forest volume and reforms microenvironments on forest floor, interacting with climate change, inducing shorter interval of large forest fire and changes in major species composition of forest insect pests and diseases.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.17-35
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• 2018

This study is to evaluate economic value of the ecosystem service benefits of the marine forests provided to our society on the basis of the global standard valuation manual. The main results of this study are summarized as follows: First, the ecosystem service benefits of marine forests are worth 771,121,551 won per hectare for a year in Korea. Second, when evaluating value based on the services benefits of the marine forests, as resource provisioning service, the annual value of the fishery potential production amounts to 58,512,271 won per hectare. The annual value of the environmental and regulatory services is estimated to total 29,574,000 won per hectare including 546,488 won per hectare for climate regulation, 85,342 won per hectare for pollution purification, and 28,942,170 won per hectare for erosion protection. The annual value of the culture and tourinsm services is estimated to total 15,317,647 won per hectare including 5,011,765 won per hectare for skin scuba service and 10,305,882 won per hectare for sea fishing. Also, the aunnual non-use value is estimate to 637,800,000 won per hectare. Third, assuming that the value of the sea forests increases proportionally to the unit area, the marine forests can be valued at 12.7 trillion won per year based on 12,208.2 hectares of marine forests creation area and 4,272.6 hectares of natural seaweed beds. Fourth, the total economic value of the marine forests can be estimated at 244 trillion won in 2016, if the value of the marine forests permanently continues in the future by applying 5.5% of the social discount rate. The results of this study are expected to serve as a valuable information for improving awareness of the value of marine forests ecosystem and ensuring the validity of the marine forests creation policy by converting the value of the marine forests's ecosystem service into monetary units.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.411-420
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• 2014

The water resources sustainability is becoming an important issue in consideration of hydrologic uncertainty by global warming and climate change. This study is to assess the water supply performance for the major multipurpose dams using sustainability index. Parameters, mostly utilized in water resources system assessment, are selected in respect of applicability and flexibility, and those parameters are used as a variable of the composite index. In practice, the composite index including reliability, resiliency, vulnerability and maximum deficit are applied to 15 multipurpose dams and 4 major basins. And to conclude, Daechungdam in the Geum river basin and Imhadam, Hapchondam and Namgangdam in the Nakdong river basin show low sustainability comparing with other dams. The Nakdong river basin needs to develop alternatives to improve water supply stability because it indicates the most poor sustainability level.