• Anatomy and Cell Biology
• /
• v.56 no.1
• /
• pp.9-15
• /
• 2023

An accessory submandibular gland is a rare variation. As such, there is limited literature regarding the embryology, anatomy, variations, clinical imaging, and pathology of the accessory submandibular gland. In this article, we review the existing literature on the accessory submandibular gland from clinical and anatomical perspectives. The goal of this review is to provide comprehensive knowledge of this variation which can be useful for oral and maxillofacial/head and neck surgeons, radiologists, and anatomists. Within this review, the embryologic origin as well as the anatomy of the accessory submandibular gland is detailed. Several imaging modalities which can be used to visualize the accessory submandibular gland are outlined as well as its variations. Lastly, this review investigates several reported clinical considerations regarding the accessory submandibular gland including sialoliths, Wharton's duct obstruction, and pleomorphic adenoma.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.451-458
• /
• 1999

Purpose : To determine normal CT number range of parotid gland by analyzing the change by age increase and the difference among individuals and between both sexes in CT number of normal parotid gland. Materials & Methods : 134 subjects who took the CT scan between the period of Jan. 1996 and Dec. 1997 at Yonsei University, Dental Hospital were selected. Criteria for selection were that the patients must be within the normal range clinically and radiologically, and the entire parotid gland on the axial view must be shown. Among the axial views. the one showing the greatest parotid gland size was selected and its CT number was recorded. Also. CT numbers from both masseter muscle were recorded as its control. Results : There was statistically significant correlation between CT number of right and left of parotid glands and masseter muscles. With the increase of age. there is a significant decrease in the CT number of parotid gland(p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in CT number between sexes except the 7th decade and beyond age group of parotid gland(p>0.05). Conclusion : As age increases, CT number of parotid gland has a tendency to decrease, and there is no significant difference in the CT numbers between left and right parotid gland. Therefore in the CT scan of patients suspected of having a salivary gland disease of the parotid gland. to consider normal range of the age-dependent CT numbers of parotid gland and compare the CT numbers of the right and left parotid gland might be useful in diagnosing the disease.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.142-146
• /
• 2006

Background and Objectives : This study reports our clinicopathological experiences of major salivary gland tumors. Materials and Methods : This study included 302 patients with major salivary gland tumors who had got the diagnosis from January 1995 through December 2004. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Results : We found 244 benign and 58 malignant major salivary gland tumors. Among 267 parotid tumors, the most common benign parotid tumor was pleomorphic adenoma. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma were three most common parotid malignancies. Among 33 submandibular gland tumors, 20 cases were benign and 13 were malignant. There were one benign and one malignant sublingual gland tumors. The duration of symptom of submandibular gland tumors was longer than that of parotid tumors. Most patients presented with asymptomatic mass. Seventy-one percent of salivary gland malignancies underwent postoperative radiation therapy. Five-year disease free survival rate of parotid malignant tumors seemed to be higher than that of submandibular one, although there was no statistical significance. Conclusion : Malignancy rate of each salivary gland followed old axiom that it is inversely related with the size of gland. Submandibular gland tumor tends to be delayed to reach diagnosis. Clinicians must be alert about this finding because submandibular gland tumors are known to have poorer prognosis than parotid tumors.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.196-200
• /
• 2000

Objectives: Submandibular gland tumors is rare. The aim of this study is to get a clinical feature of submandibular gland tumors and to apply a treatment of submandibular gland tumors of future patients. Methods: We analyzed retrospectively the 18 patients with submandibular gland tumors who were treated surgically at Presbyterian Medical Center(PMC), during the period of 8 years from 1992 to 1999. Analysis was performed regarding the incidence, classification, surgical treatment, surgical complication, recurrence and prognosis. Result : 1) Male to female sex ratio was 1:1.25, the most prevalent age group was the 5th decade. 2) Benign tumors were 12 cases(66.7%) and malignant tumors were 6 cases(33.3%). 3) Histopathologically, the most common benign submandibular gland tumor was pleomorphic adenoma, and the most malignant submandibular gland tumor was adenoid cystic carcinoma. 4) In pleomorphic adenoma, excision of submandibular gland was performed in all case(8case). In malignant tumors, excision and supraomohyoid node dissection was performed in 3cases, and modified-radical neck dissection(RND) was performed in 2cases, and than standard RND was performed in 1case. 5) In the malignant tumor, we choose a radiation therapy as adjuvant therapy. 6) In a surgical complication of submandibular gland tumor, we had a facial nerve injury(1case). 7) Recurrence rate of submandibular gland tumor was 22.2%, and than all case were malignant tumor. Overall 5-year survival rate of submandibular gland cancer was 50%. Conclusion: In above results, postoperative recurrence rate is low in benign, but high in malignant tumor of submandibular gland. Surgical procedure should not be aggressive in benign tumor, but should be aggressive in malignant tumor of submandibular gland and an adjuvant radiation therapy should be considered.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.209-221
• /
• 1999

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to calculate the size and CT number of both normal parotid and submandibular gland. and evaluate their relation to sex, age and obesity using computed tomography. Materials and Methods: The computed tomography was performed parallel to the Frankfurt plane in 46 subjects with healthy salivary gland. The subjects were divided into the three groups (young, middle. old) according to their ages. The size of salivary gland was determined as maximum cross-sectional area and the CT number of salivary gland was determined as the mean CT number of three ROI's. The body mass index was calculated from weight and height. Results: The mean maximum cross-sectional area was 7.79(±1.25)cm² on parotid gland and 4.12(±0.83) cm² on submandibular gland. The mean CT number was -4.43(±23.87) HU on parotid gland and 50.01(±15.63) HU on submandibular gland. There was decreasing pattern of the maximum cross-sectional area of submandibular gland and the CT number of both parotid and submandibular gland according to age(p<0.05). As the body mass index increased. the maximum cross-sectional area of parotid gland increased and CT number of both parotid and submandibular gland decreased(p<0.05). The maximum cross-sectional area of submandibular gland in male was larger than that in female(p<0.05). As the maximum cross-sectional area and CT number of left salivary gland increased. those of right gland increased(p<0.05). Conclusion : Intra-individual differences in salivary gland size and CT number is considered in the age and individual obesity.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.180-184
• /
• 2011

The mucocele is a mucus extravasation cyst arising from the salivary gland. Although it is a common?lesion of the minor salivary gland, it is uncommon when it originated from the submandibular gland. The ranula is a form of mucocele which specifically occurs in the floor of the mouth and the sublingual gland is generally accepted as the origin of ranula. They can be classified into two types based on extent: simple ranula are confined to the sublingual space and plunging ranula extend into the adjacent space. It is difficult to differentiate the submandibular gland mucocele from the plunging ranula because both of them can occupy the submandibular space. A 37-year old male visited our clinic with the chief complaint of left facial swelling. The patient's history revealed that he had suffered from a cystic lesion on the left side of the floor of the mouth 10 months previously. He supposed the cystic lesion had come from trauma at other dental clinics. Using CT and MRI, we diagnosed a simple ranula on the sublingual space and a submandibular gland mucocele. We then excised the mucocele with the submandibular gland by an extraoral approach and the sublingual gland by an intraoral approach under general anesthesia. We report a rare case of an enormous submandibular gland mucocele which extended into the pterygoid plate and parapharyngeal space with good surgical results.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.135-140
• /
• 1969

In order to investigate the effect of autonomic nervous system on salivary gland, the authors have observed the effects of various drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system to the rat submaxillary gland by comparing the changes of gland weight, the amylase activity and various electrolyte contents with control group. The results are as follows; 1. The pilocarpine, physostigmine, norepinephrine, atropine and DMPP increased the rat submaxillary gland weight. 2. The amylase activities of rat submaxillary gland were increased by pilocarpine, physostigmine and norepinephrine, but decreased by atropine and DMPP. 3. Calcium contents of rat submaxillary gland were highly increased by pilocarpine and physostigmine, hut slightly increased by norepinephrine. 4. Magnesium contents of rat submarillary gland were increased by DMPP, but decreased by pilocarpine, physostigmine and norepinephrine. 5. Sodium contents of rat subnaxillary gland were increased by pilocarpine, physostigmine, norepinephrine and DMPP, but decreased by atropine. 6. Potassium contents of rat submaxillary gland were highly increased by atropine, and slightly increased by DMPP and norepinephrine, but decreased by pilocarpine and physostigmine.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.374-378
• /
• 2016

Submandibular gland ptosis is a common impediment to obtaining superior surgical aesthetic results in neck lift surgery. Techniques for suspending the submandibular gland have been proposed, but these procedures have the drawbacks of disturbing the floor of the mouth mucosa and periosteum. We present an approach of submandibular gland suspension for the treatment of gland ptosis by employing a platysma and hyoid bone fascia cradle. Our technique was performed on cadaveric models. The platysma muscle and hyoid bone cradle for submandibular gland ptosis was created on the left side of the neck in two cadavers. A submental incision with sharp dissection was performed to raise a supraplatysmal flap. A subplatysmal plane was developed until the submandibular gland was identified. Sutures were used to pexy the platysma to the hyoid bone periosteum and deep cervical fascia, tightening the overlying muscle and in turn elevating the submandibular gland. Submandibular gland ptosis must be corrected in order to achieve exemplary aesthetic results. Our approach of creating a cradle with the platysma and hyoid bone avoids the potential complications of previously described sling procedures, while still maintaining the integrity of the gland and surrounding tissues.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
• /
• v.42 no.sup1
• /
• pp.14-16
• /
• 2008

Salivary gland tumors are relatively rare, constituting 3% of all head and neck neoplasms. In patients with salivary gland malignancies, $^{18}F-FDG$ PET is clinically useful in initial staging, histologic grading, and monitoring after treatment. According to clinical research data hitherto, $^{18}F-FDG$ PET is expected to be an effective diagnostic tool in the management of salivary gland tumors.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.187-190
• /
• 2004

A mixed case of multiple sebaceous gland adenoma and perianal gland adenoma was found in a 11-year-old male Shih Tzu dog. Grossly, many masses less than 1 cm in diameter of back skin and single red-brown mass about 0.5 cm in diameter of inner ear were noted. In addition one of light-pink mass 5 cm in diameter was presented in the anus. All of the masses were well demarcated and dome-shaped or papillated nodules. Histologically, the mass from back and ear were composed with multiple irregular shaped or sized lobules of sebaceous glands. Masses were containing mostly mature sebaceous cells and multifocal cystic degeneration with acellular and bright eosinophilic materials. And the mass from peri-anal area was well-circumscribed and composed of broad, anastomosing trabeculae of well-differentiated hepatoid cells. There were very low mitotic figures in all masses. Based on these results, this case was diagnosed as the multiple sebaceous gland adenoma and perianal gland adenoma.