• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1559-1565
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• 2017

Naturally occurring ginsenoside F1 (20-O-${\beta}$-$\text\tiny{D}$-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxatriol) is rare. Here, we produced gram-scale quantities of ginsenoside F1 from a crude protopanaxatriol saponin mixture comprised mainly of Re and Rg1 through enzyme-mediated biotransformation using recombinant ${\beta}$-glucosidase (BgpA) cloned from a soil bacterium, Terrabacter ginsenosidimutans Gsoil $3082^T$. In a systematic step-by-step process, the concentrations of substrate, enzyme, and NaCl were determined for maximal production of F1. At an optimized NaCl concentration of 200 mM, the protopanaxatriol saponin mixture (25 mg/ml) was incubated with recombinant BgpA (20 mg/ml) for 3 days in a 2.4 L reaction. Following octadecylsilyl silica gel column chromatography, 9.6 g of F1 was obtained from 60 g of substrate mixture at 95% purity, as assessed by chromatography. These results represent the first report of gram-scale F1 production via recombinant enzyme-mediated biotransformation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.233-242
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• 1976

인삼중(人蔘中)에 함유된 dammarane glycoside들을 glycoside 수준(水準)에서 fraction별(別)로 정량(定量)하는 방법(方法)으로 2차원(次元) TLC법(法)에 의해 분리(分離)된 glycoside를 용출(溶出)하여 Vanillin-$H_2SO_4$ 발색법(發色法)으로 정량(定量)하는 방법(方法)을 검토하는 동시에, 1차원(次元) TLC법(法)으로 SAPONIN FRACTION을 분해(分解)하고 이것을 thinchrograph TFG-10 및 digital densitorol DMU-33c에 걸어 각(各) fraction별(別)로 saponin을 정량(定量)하였다. 1. 2차원(次元) TLC를 병용(竝用)한 Vanillin-$H_2SO_4$ 비색법(比色法)은 각(各) fraction의 정리(定離)는 용이하였으나, 각(各) spot를 동정(同定)하기가 어려웠다. 2. Thinchrograph를 이용하여 saponin를 정량(定量)하는 경우, 비교적 감도(感度)가 높은 ginsenoside의 peak를 얻을 수 있었으나, 동일(同一)한 정량조건(定量條件)에서 표품(標品)과의 대조실험(對照實驗)이 병행(竝行)해야 하므로 표품(標品)의 입수가 어려워, 각(各) peak에 해당하는 saponin동정(同定)이 불가능하였다. 3. Densitometer의 경우 thinchrograph보다 그 감도는 떨어지나, 사용법이 간편하고, 쉽게 각(各) fraction을 동정(同定)할 수 있어 TLC에서 분리(分離)가 좋은 용매를 사용한다면 비교적 정확도가 높은 정량치를 얻을 수 있을 것이다.

• 약학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.401-409
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• 1994

The cholinergic activity of dammarane glycosides of Panax ginseng was examined both morphologically and chemically on primary cultures of chicken embryonic brain cells. When primary cultured chicken embryonic cells were treated with $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ of total dammarane glycosides of Panax ginseng followed by the exposure to 10mM atropine for 48 hr, lactate dehydrogenase levels within the cells remained at 36% of untreated control values while atropine-treated controls fell to 0% lactate dehydrogenase. It was found that cholinergic activity was mainly exerted by the panaxadiol glycosides. The treatment of the cells with $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ of panaxadiol glycosides followed by the exposure to atropine, lactate dehydrogenase levels within the cells remained at 60% of untreated control values. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$, a component of panaxadiol glycosides, was found to exert the cholinergic activity keeping the lactate dehydrogenase levels within the cells at 70% of untreated control values. The cholinergic activity of ginsenoside $Rb_1$ seems to be exerted through acting on the $Ca^{2+}$ channel in cultured brain cells.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.269-273
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• 1996

We investigated the effects of ginseng glycosides and their aglycones on processes of single ion channel formation and channel properties. The glycosides, Rg, and Rb, , and their aglycones, 20-(S)-protopanaxatriol (PT) and 20-(S)-protopanaxadiol (PD) increased the membrane permeability for ions. PT, PD, Rg1, and Rb1; at concentrations of 0.5, 3.0, 10.0 and 30.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml respectively; Induced single ion channel fluctuations with the life times in the range of 0.1~1005 in open states and conductances from 5 to 30 pS in 1 M KCI. At high concentrations of these substances, rapid fluctuations of transmembrane ion current with amplitude from hundred pS to dozen nS were observed. Against other substances, ginsenoside Rbl began to increase the membrane conductance at concentration of about 60 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml without fluctuation of single ion channel. Membranes treated with PT, PD, Rg1 and Rb1 are more permeable to K+, than to Cl while zero current membrane potentials with 10 gradients of KCI were 12, 16, 8, 25 mV respectively. Key words : Membrane conductance, single ion channel, ginsenosides.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.428-432
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• 2002

Three new dammarane glycosides were isolated from the processed ginseng (SG; Sun Ginseng). Their structure were determined to be $3{\beta},{\;}12{\beta}-dihydroxydammar-20(21),24-diene-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl(1{\;}{\rightarrow}{\;}2)-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside;{\;}3{\beta},{\;}12{\beta}-dihydroxydammar-20(21),24-diene-3-O-{\beta}-D-{\;}glucopyranoside{\;}and{\;}3{\beta},6{\alpha},12{\beta}-trihydroxydammar-20(21),24-diene-6-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ based on spectroscopic evidences. The compounds were named as ginsenoside $Rk_1,{\;}Rk_2,{\;}and{\;}Rk_3$ respectively.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.253-256
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• 2009

The purpose of the study was to develop a new process to manufacture ginseng extract containing saponin aglycon of high concentration. The process to transform saponin glycosides to saponin aglycon was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). GCK-1 (open cultured mixture for 1 day at $42^{\circ}C$) had the highest content of protopanaxadiol (0.662%). However, other mixtures (GCK-2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) had less than 0.152% in the content of protopanaxadiol. In case of fermentation by inoculation of Bacillus natto, BNG-5 (B. natto inoculated mixture for 5 days at $42^{\circ}C$) showed the highest content of protopanaxadiol (0.364%). Other mixtures (BNG-1, 2, 3, 4, and 6) also showed the high content of more than 0.2% in protopanaxadiol. B. natto inoculation or open culture fermentation with soybean transformed ginseng saponin glycosides into saponin aglycon.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.172-177
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• 1984

Saponins in leaf and stem of Gynostemma pentaphyllum that was collected from Jeju Island were extracted by the method for ginseng saponin. Comparison by overlapping chromatogram(HPLC) of pentaphyllum on that of ginseng and cochromatogram and ginseng although ginsenoside Rg2, Rg1 and Rf might be in common with rare possibility. It seems to be little difference in the kind of saponin glycosides between leaf and stem of pentaphyllum. Saponin content in leaf of pentaphyllum was higher than in stem, and much higher than those in ginseng. The kind of saponin glycoside in pentaphyllum appeared to be less than 22 and greater than those in ginseng. There was almost no change in saponins of pentaphyllum in methanol for 3 years at room temperature.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.168-172
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• 1996

Ginsenoside Rb,, at a concentration of 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml and over, initiated the cycle of oscillation of ion flux in erythrocytes after the cells had been treated with a protonophore, carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-methoxyphenyl hydrazone (FCCP) and then with a $Ca^{2+}$ ionophore, A23,3,. Its action was similar to the additional portion of $Ca^{2+}$-ionophore or $Ca^{2+}$ ion to the erythrocytes. Effects of $Rg_1$ and Rf were different from that of Rb,. They did not induce the oscillation. They, however, increased the extracellular $K^{+}$ concentration and pH without returning to the initial state in the erythrocytes processed with FCCP and $A_{23187}$. We established that ginsenosides from 20-(5)-panaxatriol family induced the membrane hyperpolarization in erythrocytes, which was attenuated by the pretreatment of $Rb_1$, a major component of 20-(5)-panaxadiol.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.465-467
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• 2018

퇴비로부터 분리한 Niabella ginsenosidivorans $BS26^T$ 균주의 유전체서열을 분석하였다. 균주 $BS26^T$의 유전체는 G + C 비율이 44.48%이며, 4,800개의 유전자와 4,704개의 단백질 코딩 유전자, 85개의 위유전자 그리고49개의 RNA유전자를 포함한 단일 원형 염색체로 구성되었으면 그 크기는 5,627,734 bp였다. 균주 $BS26^T$는 인삼사포닌의 당 분해에 관여하는 여러 타입의 글라이코시다제 유전자를 가지고 있었다. 이러한 유전체 분석은 주요 진세노사이드 전환에 관여하는 유전자 특징을 이해하는데 큰 기여가 되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.17-33
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• 1977

1. 인삼증에 함유된 danlmarane계 glycoside 성분들 중의 한 성분인 panax saponin A(ginsenoside Rgl)(약자 : PSA)에 $^{14}C$ 또는 $^{3}H$를 도입한 방사능 표지 사포닌을 합성하였다. 2. $^{3}H$-PSA의 방사능을 생체내 에서 추적한 결과 PSA는 위장관내에서 쉽게 흡수되어 생체 내 전장기에 골고루 분포된다. 3. 각 장기에 분포된 PSA는 세포 내에 섭취되며 세포 내에 섭취 되는 양은 일정한 포화점이 있다. 4. 포화점을 초과하여 섭취된 PSA는 즉시 뇨를 통하여 배설되며 섭취된 PSA는 세포 내에 장기간 잔유한다.