• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.327-392
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• 1998

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.134-136
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• 1994

The effects of soil phosphorus level on seed emergence, seedling mortality, plant and root development of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) were evaluated in a newly planted commercial ginseng garden. Phosphorus levels were increased from 58 ppm to 100, 150 and 200 ppm with triplephosphate (0-45-0). Higher phosphate levels increased, seed emergence and reduced seedling mortality. Root length, diameter, fresh root weight and total leaflet length were not affected by phosphate levels.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Background: Some plants have harmful effects on fungi and bacteria as well as other plants. Incorporating such plant into soil as green manure is effective in reducing population densities of soil pathogens. Methods and Results: Twenty-three species of green manure crops were cultivated after the harvest of 6-year-old ginseng and then incorporated into the soil at the flowering stage. The following year, the root rot ratio of 2-year-old ginseng and soil chemical properties were investigated. In the absence of green manure addition, the $NO_3$ content, electric conductivity (EC), and K content decreased by 95%, 79% and 65%, respectively. In the presence of green manure addition, $P_2O_5$ and $NO_3$ contents reduced by 41% and 25%, respectively. The "survived root ratio" of 2-year-old ginseng significantly increased by 56.2%, 47.5%, and 47.3%, in the Sorghum sudanense, Ricinus communis and Helianthus tuberosus treatment, respectively. In addition, there was a significant increase in the "survived root ratio" in the Secale cereale, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Smallanthus sonchifolius treatments. The "survived root ratio" of ginseng showed a significant positive correlation with the soil pH and a negative correlation with the $NO_3$ contents, and EC. Conclusions: Cultivation of plant form the Chrysanthemum family as green manure, using mainly the rhizomes was effective for the control of root rot disease of ginseng.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.3
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• pp.313-324
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• 2020

This study investigated the environmental location effects that Larix kaempferi and mixed forests had on the early growth of wild-simulated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) seedlings. Experimental plots were created in Larix kaempferi and mixed forests, and confirmed the location environments and growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng seedling. Our results showed that the soil properties, such as soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and cation exchangeable capacity were significantly higher in the mixed forest soil compared to the Larix kaempferi forest soil. Likewise, the growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng seedlings were significantly higher in mixed forestsd compare to the Larix kaempferi forest. Correlation analysis between tree species ratio, soil properties, and growth characteristics in the experimental plots determined that the soil properties and growth characteristics had significant positive correlation with the broad-leaved forest percentage. Growth characteristics of the wild-simulated ginseng seedlings were shown to have a significant positive correlation with organic matter, total nitrogen, and cation exchange capacities. This study has clearly demonstrated that the tree species ratio, and soil properties in Larix kaempferi and mixed forests were significantly correlated with the early growth of wild simulated ginseng seedlings. These results could help to improve the selection of suitable cultivation sites for wild-simulated ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.430-438
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• 2009

An attempt was made to establish the suitability classes of lands for the cultivation of ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). For this study, the relationships between various soil characteristics and ginseng yields were investigated on altogether 450 ginseng fields (150 sites in paddy and 300 sites in upland), across Kangwon, Kyunggi, Chungbug, Chungnam, Jonbug and Kyungbug Provinces, where ginseng is widely cultivated. In the paddy fields, most influential properties of soil on the ginseng yields was found to be the drainage class. Texture of surface soil and available soil depths affected the ginseng yields to some extents. However, the topography, slope, and the gravel content were found not to affect the ginseng yields. In the uplands, the texture of surface soil was most influential and the topography, slope, and occurrence depth of hard-pan were least influential on the performance of the crop. Making use of multiple regression, by SAS, the contribution of soil morphological and physical properties such as, topography, surface soil texture, drainage class, slope, available soil depth, gravel content, and appearance depth of hard-pan, for the suitability of land for ginseng cultivation was analyzed. Based on the results of above analysis, adding up all of the suitability indices, land suitability classes for ginseng cultivation were proposed. On top of this, taking the weather conditions into consideration, suitability of land for ginseng cultivation was established in paddy field and in uplands. As an example, maps showing the distribution of suitable land for ginseng cultivation were drawn, adopting the land suitability classes obtained through current study, soil map, climate map, and GIS information, for Eumsung County, Chungbug Province. Making use of the information on the land suitability for ginseng cultivation obtained from current study, the suitability of lands currently under cultivation of ginseng was investigated. The results indicate that 74.0% of them in paddy field and 88.3% in upland are "highly suitable" and "suitable".

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.105-113
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• 1989

This study was conducted to determine the cause of the occurence of marginal leaf chlorosis in ginseng plants (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), and to determine its emersion in fields (practically) and in pots (experimentally). The following results were obtained. In the Present investigation, ginseng plants raised in acidic soil containing a high a moue t of Mn showed marginal leaf chlorosis. Henre it Ivas suggested that the shoot growth and root weights became grad gractually lower. The leaves having marginal leaf chlorosis contained low amounts of N, P,. Ca, Mg, and Na and the Fe/Mn ratios were low. There was a corresponding increase in Mn uptake. It was founrl that in soils where marginal leaf chlorisis occured the pH urar brlolv 4.2 to 4.9 and the Ca, Mg and Na content was decreased thus effectively increasing the available manganese in the soil. The Mn/Fe ratios in the yellow leaf margins of ginseng Plants affected by the Mn toxicity was over 2.0 compared to the general Mn/Fe ratio of 0.50 for healthily leaves, stems and roots. Typically when ginseng plants grow fields having soil with a pH below about 5.0, there tenor to be an uptake of excess Mn. When ginseng plants are grown in a nutrient sand culture solution It with an increased Mn concentration, they accumulate large amounts of Mn in the roots and in the shoots. In both casts marginal leaf chlorosis appeared in the emersions. In the Present investigation, ginseng plants raised in acidic soil and containing a high amount of Mn showed marginal leaf chlorosis.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.223-230
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• 2015

To study the effect of crop rotation on the control of ginseng root rot, growth characteristics and root rot ratio of 2-year-old ginseng was investigated after the crops of 18 species were cultured for one year in soil contaminated by the pathogen of root rot. Fusarium solani and Cylindrocarpon destructans were detected by 53.2% and 37.7%, respectively, from infected root of 4-year-old ginseng cultivated in soil occurring the injury by continuous cropping. Content of $NO_3$, Na, and $P_2O_5$ were distinctly changed, while content of pH, Ca, and Mg were slightly changed when whole plant of crops cultured for one year were buried in the ground. All of EC, $NO_3$, $P_2O_5$, and K were distinctly increased in soil cultured sudangrass, peanut, soybean, sunnhemp, and pepper. All of EC, $NO_3$, $P_2O_5$, and K among inorganic component showed negative effect on the growth of ginseng when they were excessively applied on soil. The growth of ginseng was promoted in soil cultivated perilla, sweet potato, sudangrass, and welsh onion, while suppressed in Hwanggi (Astragalus mongholicus), Deodeok (Codonopsis lanceolata) Doraji (Platycodon grandiflorum), Gamcho (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), Soybean. All of chicory, lettuce, radish, sunnhemp, and welsh onion had effective on the inhibition of ginseng root rot, while legume such as soybean, Hwanggi, Gamcho, peanut promoted the incidence of root rot. Though there were no significant correlation, $NO_3$ showed positive correlation, and Na showed negative correlation with the incidence of root rot.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.73-76
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• 1990

A search for presence of Versicular-Arbuscular endomycorrhiza was attempted using 6-year-old Panax ginseng roots. Hyphae without septum, and vesicles were observed in the cortex of fine roots of Panax ginseng. Brown chlamydospores with thick wall were found in the soil of root zone and it is classified as Glomus sp.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.149-156
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to investigate the morphology of mycorrhizal roots, and the effects of root age and soil texture on the mycorrhizal infection in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) growing in Korea. Ginseng roots at ages of two to six years were collected from fields in late June. Their infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) was studied by clearing the roots and staining fungal hyphae with trypan blue. Root infection varied greatly depending on the developmental stages of young roots. Young tertiary roots, in diameter of smaller than 0.8 mrn, formed during the current growing season had root hairs and were frequently and in some cases heavily infected by AMF. Hyphal coils and arbuscules were abundant, while vesicles were rarely observed. Older secondary or tertiary roots in diameter of bigger than 1.0 mm with fully differentiated primary xylem formed during the previous growing season had no root hairs, and were not infected at all. The rates of mycorrhizal infection in the young tertiary roots were not affected by the age of the ginseng plants, suggesting that fungal populations might have not much changed during the aging of the cultivated fields up to six years. The differences in the infection rates among the different ages of ginseng were caused by differences in the amount of young tertiary roots in the samples. Soil texture, either sandy loam or clay loam, did not affect the rate of root infection. There were large variations in the infection rates among the different farms and locations within a farm. It strongly suggested that infection rates of the ginseng roots by AMF would be influenced by the practice of the farmers, possibly by avoiding consecutive planting, introduction of new topsoil, and the ways of handling the soil before transplanting the ginseng, such as fumigation or sterilization that might have affected indigenous inoculum sources of the AMF.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.284-291
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• 2019

Background: Ginseng root rot disease, caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani is a major cause of replant failure in continuous cropping ginseng. Methods and Results: To control replant injury in soil infected with C. destructans and F. solani, biosolarization was performed by covering the plot with transparent polyethylene film after adding green manure of maize and sunflower for the summer season. Per 10 a, fresh and dry weight of maize was 10.1 and 2.5 tons, respectively, and that of sunflower was 8.1 tons and 1.2 tons, respectively. Mean maximum temperature at 20 cm depth was $33.2^{\circ}C$, $41.5^{\circ}C$ and $41.8^{\circ}C$ in the control, maize-incorporated and sunflower-incorporated plots, respectively. The elapsed time over $40^{\circ}C$ was 36.4 h in the maize-incorporated plot and 77.3 h in the sunflower-incorporated plot. Biosolarization increased $NO_3$ content in soil, while content of organic matter, Ca, and Mg was decreased. Electrical conductivity, $NO_3$ and $P_2O_5$ in soil significantly increased after two years of biosolarization. The number of spores of C. destructans in soil was significantly decreased by biosolarization, and sunflower treatment was more effective than maize treatment in decreasing the number of spores. Root yield of 3-year-old ginseng was significantly increased by biosolarization, however, there was no significant difference between maize and sunflower treatments. Rate of root rot in 3-year-old ginseng decreased to 16.5% with the incorporation maize and 5.0% with the incorporation of sunflower, while that in control 25.6%. Conclusions: Biosolarization was effective in inhibiting ginseng root rot by decreasing the density of root rot disease and improving soil chemical properties.