• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.223-230
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• 2015

To study the effect of crop rotation on the control of ginseng root rot, growth characteristics and root rot ratio of 2-year-old ginseng was investigated after the crops of 18 species were cultured for one year in soil contaminated by the pathogen of root rot. Fusarium solani and Cylindrocarpon destructans were detected by 53.2% and 37.7%, respectively, from infected root of 4-year-old ginseng cultivated in soil occurring the injury by continuous cropping. Content of $NO_3$, Na, and $P_2O_5$ were distinctly changed, while content of pH, Ca, and Mg were slightly changed when whole plant of crops cultured for one year were buried in the ground. All of EC, $NO_3$, $P_2O_5$, and K were distinctly increased in soil cultured sudangrass, peanut, soybean, sunnhemp, and pepper. All of EC, $NO_3$, $P_2O_5$, and K among inorganic component showed negative effect on the growth of ginseng when they were excessively applied on soil. The growth of ginseng was promoted in soil cultivated perilla, sweet potato, sudangrass, and welsh onion, while suppressed in Hwanggi (Astragalus mongholicus), Deodeok (Codonopsis lanceolata) Doraji (Platycodon grandiflorum), Gamcho (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), Soybean. All of chicory, lettuce, radish, sunnhemp, and welsh onion had effective on the inhibition of ginseng root rot, while legume such as soybean, Hwanggi, Gamcho, peanut promoted the incidence of root rot. Though there were no significant correlation, $NO_3$ showed positive correlation, and Na showed negative correlation with the incidence of root rot.

• 식물병연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2022

인삼은 수천 년 동안 동아시아에서 재배된 중요한 약용 식물이다. 일반적으로 같은 포장에서 4-6년 동안 재배되기 때문에 다양한 병원균에 노출된다. 그 중 인삼뿌리썩음병이 가장 큰 피해를 주는 주요 원인이다. 본 연구에서는 건강한 인삼에서 내생균을 분리하고, 인삼뿌리썩음병원균에 대해 길항작용을 갖는 내생균을 선발하였다. 분리된 17개 균주 중, 3개 균주가 인삼뿌리썩음병원균에 길항작용을 나타냈으며 인삼뿌리썩음병균이 생산하는 곰팡이독소인 라디시콜에 내성을 보였다. 우수한 길항효과와 라디시콜 저항성을 갖는 Bacillus velezensis CH-15를 선발하여 추가 실험을 수행하였다. 인삼 뿌리에 CH-15를 접종하면 병원균의 균사 생장을 억제할 뿐만 아니라 질병의 진행도 억제하였다. CH-15는 또한 바실로마이신 D, 이투린 A, 바실리신, 서팩틴 생합성 유전자를 갖고 있었다. 또한 CH-15 배양여액은 병원균 생장과 분생포자 발아를 억제하였다. 본 연구는 내생균 CH-15가 인삼뿌리썩음병 병원체에 대해 길항작용을 하고 인삼뿌리썩음병의 진행을 억제함을 보여주었으며 이 균주가 인삼뿌리썩음병을 억제하는 미생물 제제가 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.142-151
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• 2020

Background: Suppressive soil inhibits soil-borne diseases if pathogens are present, and ginseng does not show injury even if replanted in the same field. Methods and Results: Soil chemical properties and microbial community of soil were investigated in soil suppressive and conducive to ginseng root rot. Root rot disease in 2-year-old ginseng was tested by mixing conducive soil, with suppressive or sterilized suppressive soil. The root rot ratio in suppressive soil was 43.3% compared to 96.7% in conducive soil. Biological factors acted to inhibit the root rot because disease ratio was increased in the sterilized suppressive soil compared to that in non-suppressive soil. The suppressive soil had lower pH, nitrate nitrogen and sodium than the conducive soil. Dominat bacteria and fungi (more than 1.0%) were 3 and 17 species in conducive soil and 7 and 23 species in suppressive soil, respectively. The most predominant fungi were Pseudaleuria sp. HG936843 (28.70%) in conducive soil and Pseudogymnoascus roseus (7.52%) in suppressive soil. Conclusion: Microbial diversity was more abundant in the suppressive soil than in the conducive soil, and the proportion of pathogens (Nectriaceae sp.) causing root rot was significantly lower in the suppressive soil than in the conducive soil.

• 식물병연구
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.8-12
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• 2004

2003년 7월, 경상북도 봉화지역의 인삼포장에서 인삼의 줄기가 쓰러지고 뿌리썩음증상을 보이는 인삼을 관찰하였다 병든 뿌리로부터 분리된 병원세균을 접종한 결과, 인삼의 잎은 황화되거나 검은색으로 변하여 시들었고, 줄기는 속이 텅비어 있었다. 뿌리는 접종부위가 썩으면서 주름이 생기고 차츰 검은색으로 변화였다. 이 병원세균은 인삼의 모든 부위에 대해 병원성이 인정되었고 이 병원세균의 형태 및 생리적 특성을 Bergey' manual에 기록된 세균의 특성과 비교한 결과, Serratia liquefaciens로 동정되었다. 이 세균은 아직 인삼의 병원세균으로 기록되어 있지 않기에 인삼뿌리썩음병으로 이 병원세균도 추가할 것을 제안한다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.156-162
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• 2021

Background: It is estimated that 20-30% of ginseng crops in Canada are lost to root rot each harvest. This disease is commonly caused by fungal infection with Ilyonectria, previously known as Cylindrocarpon. Previous reports have linked the virulence of fungal disease to the production of siderophores, a class of small-molecule iron chelators. However, these siderophores have not been identified in Ilyonectria. Methods: High-resolution LC-MS/MS was used to screen Ilyonectria and Cylindrocarpon strain extracts for secondary metabolite production. These strains were also tested for their ability to cause root rot in American ginseng and categorized as virulent or avirulent. The differences in detected metabolites between the virulent and avirulent strains were compared with a focus on siderophores. Results: For the first time, a siderophore N,N',N"-triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC) has been identified in Ilyonectria, and it appears to be linked to disease virulence. Siderophore production was suppressed as the concentration of iron increased, which is in agreement with previous reports. Conclusion: The identification of the siderophore produced by Ilyonectria gives us further insight into the root rot disease that heavily affects ginseng crop yields. This research identifies a molecular pathway previously unknown for ginseng root rot and could lead to new disease treatment options.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.46-55
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• 1982

The effect of soil fumigation on the growth, yield, root-rot and red discoloration of 2 year-old ginseng, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer was investigated in the ginseng replanted fie14 Six soil fumigants, Cylone, Basamid, D-D, Dowfume MC-2, Telone C-17, and Vapam were applied in March, 1980, and 2 year-old ginseng plants were transplanted in April, 1981, and sampled in August, 1981. Growth an yields in Cylone and Basamid treated plots in the replanted soil were better than those in control. Especially, growth and yields of ginseng in Cyclone treated Plots were comparable to these in untreated virgin soil. Control effect of soil fumigants used on root-rot was in the order of Cylone, Basamid, Telone C-17, and the lest of them showed neglect fur effect. Frequency of red discoloration was 8% in Cyclone treated plots, 9% in Basamid treated plots 83.3% in the untreated ginseng replanted soil, and 2.5% in the untreated virgin soil.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 1982

In this study it was found that the enzyme activities of diseased ginseng contributed greatly on the development of its root-rot disease. The 4i sensed ginseng showed higher activities of $\alpha$-amylase, p amylase, invertase, catalase, and cellulase than those of fresh one. The increased enzyme activities of diseased ginseng were originated in those from infected pathogens, which showed a proportional relationship between enzyme activities and root-rot power of them. The increases of enzyme activities during incubation of inoculated ginseng could be considerably depressed by controlling culture environments as to temperature below 4$^{\circ}C$, pH 8-9, and relative humidity about 60%, Some metal ions and organic reagents also inhibited the enzyme activities of diseased ginseng. But their inhibitory effects were not so great that they might be used to protect the disease.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.370-376
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• 2012

Disease is the major problem in ginseng cultivation from seed stratification, soil preparation prior to planting, right through to drying of the roots. There are many soil-borne disease pathogen in rhizosphere soil environment, furthermore occurrence of diseases by a diverse group of fungi and related organisms are closely related to various soil condition. Observable symptoms for soil-borne diseases include wilting, leaf death and leaf fall, death of branches and limbs and in severe cases death of the whole plant. The fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans is the cause of root rot characterized by a decay of the true root system in many ginseng production areas in Korea. Some pathogens are generally confined to the juvenile roots whilst others are capable of attacking older parts of the root system. However, the relation between the soil environmental characteristics and ginseng root rot by soil-borne disease pathogen is not clearly identified in ginseng field. In this paper, we reviewed soil-borne plant pathogen causing root rot disease of ginseng with respect to soil environment.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.63-66
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• 2004

Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is one of the most widely cultivated medicinal herbs in Korea. However, yield losses reached up to 30-60％ due to various diseases during 3 or 5 years of ginseng cultivation in the country. Therefore, successful production of ginseng roots depends primarily on the control of diseases. The objective of this study was to select potential biocontrol agents from rhizobacteria isolated from various plant internal root tissues for the control of multiple ginseng diseases as an alternative to fungicides. Among 106 Bacillus strains, two promising biocontrol agents, Bacillus pumilus strain B1141 and Paenibacillus lentimobus strain B1146, were selected by screening against root rot of ginseng caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans in a greenhouse. Pre-inoculation of selected isolates to seed or l-year-old root of ginseng resulted in stimulation of shoot and/or root growth of seedlings, and successfully controlled root rot caused by C. destructans (P<0.05). Furthermore, drenching of cell suspension of the selected isolates on seedling-growing pots reduced the incidence of Phytophthora blight after the seedlings were challenged with zoospores of Phytophthora cactorum (P<0.05). P. lentimorbus strain B1146 showed antifungal activity against various soil-borne pathogens in vitro, while B. pumilus strain B1141 did not show any. Results of this study suggest that some rhizobacteria can induce resistance against various plant diseases on ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.136-145
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• 2014

Background: This study aimed to develop a biocontrol system for ginseng root rot caused by Fusarium cf. incarnatum. Methods: In total, 392 bacteria isolated from ginseng roots and various soils were screened for their antifungal activity against the fungal pathogen, and a bacterial isolate (B2-5) was selected as a promising candidate for the biocontrol because of the strong antagonistic activity of the bacterial cell suspension and culture filtrate against pathogen. Results: The bacterial isolate B2-5 displayed an enhanced inhibitory activity against the pathogen mycelial growth with a temperature increase to $25^{\circ}C$, produced no pectinase (related to root rotting) an no critical rot symptoms at low [$10^6$ colony-forming units (CFU)/mL] and high ($10^8CFU/mL$) inoculum concentrations. In pot experiments, pretreatment with the bacterial isolate in the presumed optimal time for disease control reduced disease severity significantly with a higher control efficacy at an inoculum concentration of $10^6CFU/mL$ than at $10^8CFU/mL$. The establishment and colonization ability of the bacterial isolates on the ginseng rhizosphere appeared to be higher when both the bacterial isolate and the pathogen were coinoculated than when the bacterial isolate was inoculated alone, suggesting its target-oriented biocontrol activity against the pathogen. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the pathogen hyphae were twisted and shriveled by the bacterial treatment, which may be a symptom of direct damage by antifungal substances. Conclusion: All of these results suggest that the bacterial isolate has good potential as a microbial agent for the biocontrol of the ginseng root rot caused by F. cf. incarnatum.