• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.355-362
• /
• 2010

In this study, the anticoagulant compounds in Korean red ginseng (KRG) were investigated. KRG powder was extracted using hot methanol, and the methanol extract was fractionated into n-hexane, ethylacetate, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions by solvent partitioning. The remains from the methanol extraction were further extracted with water and then dialyzed to obtain low and high molecular weight fractions. The anticoagulant activities of the seven fractions were evaluated in terms of thrombin time, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time. Among these fractions, the ethylacetate fraction showed the most potent anticoagulant activity. The active components in the ethylacetate fraction were identified as the phenolic compounds vanillic, caffeic, ferulic, and p-coumaric acid via TLC and HPLC. These findings suggest that the anticoagulant activities of phenolic compounds contribute to the cardiovascular effects of KRG.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.389-415
• /
• 1996

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer(Araliaceae) has been traditionally used as an expensive and precious medicine in oriental countries for more than 5, 000 years. Ginseng saponin isolated from the root of Panax ginseng have been regarded as the main effective components responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities. Such as antiaging effects. antidiabetic effects anticancer effects. Protection against physical and chemical stress. Analgesic and antipyretic effects. Effects on the central nervous system, tranquilizing action and others. Thirty kinds of ginsenosides have been so far isolated from ginseng saponin and their chemical structures have been elucidated since 1960's. Among which protopanaxadiol type is 19 kinds. protopanaxatriol type. 10 kinds and oleanane type, one. Since ginsenosides are generally labile under acidic conditions ordinary acid hydrolysis is always accompanied by many side reactions, such as epimerization. hydroxylation and cyclization of side chain of the sapogenins Especially. it is well known that C-20 glycosyl linkage of ginsenoside was hydrolysed on heating with acetic acid to give an equilibrated mixture of 20(S) and 20(R) epimers. And also, the chemical transformations of the secondary metabolites have appeared during the steaming process to prepare red ginseng. Indicating demalonylation of malonyl ginsenosides, elimination of glycosyl residue at C-20 and isomerization of hydroxyl configuration at C-20. But these studies have not provided a comprehensive picture in explaning how these ginsenosides showed val'iotas pharmacological activities of ginseng. Though some of them have been involved in the mechanism of pharmacological actions. Recently, non-saponin components have received a great deal of attention for their antioxidant, anticancer antidiabetic, immunomodulating. anticomplementary activities and so on. To meet the demand for such wide applications, studies on the non-saponin components play an important role in providing a good evidence of pharmacological and biol ogical activities. Among the non-saponin constituents of Korean ginseng, polyacetylenes, phenols. Sesquiterpenes, alkaloids. polysaccharides oligosaccharides, oligopeptides and aminoglycosides together with ginsenosides of terrestrial part are mainly described.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.41-45
• /
• 2018

Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has been used as traditional herbal drug in Asian countries. Ginsenosides are major components having pharmacological and biological efficacy like anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-tumor effects. To control the quality of the components in diverse ginseng products, we developed a new quantitative method using LC-MS/MS for 13 ginsenosides; Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, 20(S)-Rh1, 20(S)-Rh2, Rg1, 20(S)-Rg3, F1, F2, and compound K. This method was successfully validated for linearity, precision, and accuracy. This quantification method applied in four representative ginseng products; fresh ginseng powder, white ginseng powder, red ginseng extract powder, and red ginseng extract. Here the amounts of the 13 ginsenosides in the various type of ginseng samples could be analyzed simultaneously and expected to be suitable for quality control of ginseng products.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제41권3호
• /
• pp.361-369
• /
• 2017

Background: The chemical constituents of Panax ginseng are changed by processing methods such as steaming or sun drying. In the present study, the chemical change of Panax ginseng induced by steaming was monitored in situ. Methods: Samples were separated from the same ginseng root by incision during the steaming process, for in situ monitoring. Sampling was sequentially performed in three stages; FG (fresh ginseng) ${\rightarrow}$ SG (steamed ginseng) ${\rightarrow}$ RG (red ginseng) and 60 samples were prepared and freeze dried. The samples were then analyzed to determine 43 constituents among three stages of P. ginseng. Results: The results showed that six malonyl-ginsenoside (Rg1, Rb1, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rb2) and 15 amino acids were decreased in concentration during the steaming process. In contrast, ginsenoside-Rh1, 20(S)-Rg2, 20(S, R)-Rg3 and Maillard reaction product such as AF (arginine-fructose), AFG (arginine-fructose-glucose), and maltol were newly generated or their concentrations were increased. Conclusion: This study elucidates the dynamic changes in the chemical components of P. ginseng when the steaming process was induced. These results are thought to be helpful for quality control and standardization of herbal drugs using P. ginseng and they also provide a scientific basis for pharmacological research of processed ginseng (Red ginseng).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.53-58
• /
• 1981

The effective components of Korean ginseng showing the lipid-peroxide depressing activity were isolated. From the ether-soluble acidic fraction of fresh ginseng three phenolic acids were obtained. Salicylic acid and vanilic acid exhibited the potent antioxidant activity, where p-hydroxycinnamic acid did not.

• 한국약용작물학회지
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.287-299
• /
• 2011

Pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng have been demonstrated in cardiovascular system, endocrine secretion and immune system, together with antitumor, anti-stress and anti-oxidant activities. Modern scientific data show protective effect of ginseng against bone marrow cell death, increased survival rate of experimental animals, recovery of hematopoietic injury, immunopotentiation, reduction of damaged intestinal epithelial cells, inhibition of mutagenesis and effective protection against testicular damages, caused by radiation exposure. And also, ginseng acts in indirect fashion to protect radical processes by inhibition of initiation of free radical processes and thus reduces the radiation damages. The research has made much progress, but still insufficient to fully uncover the action mechanism of ginseng components on the molecule level. This review provides the usefulness of natural product, showing no toxic effects, as an radioprotective agent. Furthermore, the further clinical trials on radioprotection of ginseng need to be highly done to clarify its scientific application. The effective components of ginseng has been known as ginsenosides. Considering that each of these ginsenosides has pharmacological effect, it seems likely that non-saponin components might have radioprotective effects superior to those of ginsenosides, suggesting its active ingredients to be non-saponin series. These results also show that the combined effects of saponin and non-saponin components play an important role in the radioprotective effects of ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.69-71
• /
• 1992

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.39-44
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the contents of residual solvents and mineral components(11 kinds) in ginseng extracts with different extracting conditions(5 types) and commercial ginseng extract products(domestic, imported). Fine root was extracted with solution having various ethanol concentration after hexane treatment. Among 5 type extracts, residual solvent(hexane) was detected ginseng extracts treated ethanol mixed with hexane. But extracts that dried after soaked in hexane wasn't detected hexane. Mineral components(Al, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn) were detected in fine root and 5 types of extracts. The contents of mineral components between fine root and extracts with various extracting conditions were similar, however, extracts that dried after soaked in hexane showed the lower amount in Al, Fe, Pb than the others. In comparison with commercial ginseng ex-tract products(domestic, imported), the distribution pattern of mineral was similar but the contents were a little different.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.143-148
• /
• 1986

The effect of orally administered ginseng ethanol extract on potassium deficient and normal rat skeletal muscles was investigated in terms of Ca uptake by sarcoplastic reticulum fragments. The ginseng ethanol extract (100mg/kg/day) was administered orally to Sprague-Dawley rats for 21 days and their changes of body weights, $K^+$ content in skeletal muscles, and calcium uptake capacity of sarcoplamic reticulurn of each groups were measured. The growth rate of rats fed with the potassium deficient diet was significantly decreased compared to that of normal rats. Ginseng components did not show any effect on the decreased growth rate of the postassium deficient rats. Potassium content in skeletal muscle from potassium deficient rats was significantly reduced compared to that of normal rats. Ginseng components showed the tendency to prevent the reduction in potassium content of potassium deficient rats, but differences were not statistically significant. Calcium uptake of SR prepared from skeletal muscles of potassium deficient rats was increased significantly compared to that of normal rats. Ginseng components prevented such increase of calcium uptake by 30%. In summary, it can be concluded that ginseng may prevent the increase in Cauptake of SR obtained from potassium deficient rats.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.144-147
• /
• 1997

식물체의 향기성분을 분리하는데 사용되는 몇가지 방법을 비교하기 위해서 headspace(purge & trap)법, simultaneous distillation extraction(SDE)법, steam distillation법, 용매추출법 등으로 분리된 휘발성 성분의 조성차이를 분석하여 각각의 사용된 방법들의 특징을 비교하였다. 휘발성 성분 분석시료로는 Anise(Pimpinella anisum L.)씨앗을 사용하였으며 분리된 휘발성분중 GC/MSD를 이용하여 43종의 성분을 확인하였다. Headspace (purge & trap)법에서는 휘발성이 강한 2-butanol, pentanal, 3-hexen-1-ol 등과 같은 alcohol류 및 aldehyde류 성분들을 주요성분으로 확인할 수 있었으며, 용매추출에서는 비점이 높은 성분들인 myristic acid, oleic acid 등의 acid류 성분들과 ethyl hexadecanoate, ethyl octadecanoate 등과 같은 ester 화합물들이 주요성분으로 확인되었다. SDE법과 steam distillation법에서 추출된 성분의 조성은 유사하였으며 terpene 화합물들이 주요성분으로 확인되었다. Anise의 주성분인 anethole은 SDE법, headspace(purge & trap)법으로 추출하였을때 가장 많이 추출되었다.