• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.303-308
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• 2011

Tooth impaction refers to situations in which the eruption is inhibited by some physical barriers in eruptive path and the tooth remains unerupted beyond the normal time of eruption. The etiology of impacted tooth is controversial, but ankylosis has been suggested probably as a leading role. Impacted primary molars may cause several problems such as space loss, tipping of adjacent teeth, supra-eruption of the antagonists, dislocation of succeeding premolar, cystic change and infection. As one of conventional treatments of impacted primary molars, early tooth extraction or surgical extraction following space regaining when there is space loss has been suggested. However, when they are in normal formation and not ankylosed, orthodontic traction following surgical exposure can be the choice of treatment. In this case, a 3-year-old boy was referred to the department of pediatric dentistry for the unerupted mandibular right second primary molar. After surgical removal of gingiva on the occlusal surface, orthodontic traction was performed. After treatment, we could get normal alignment of primary teeth and the opportunity for normal development of permanent teeth.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.296-302
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• 2011

Idiopathic gingival fibromatosisrarely occurs, but frequently recurred after surgical removal. It usually occurs in generalized symmetrical pattern but sometimes in localized unilateral pattern. The localized pattern usually affects the maxillary molar and tuberosity area. This disease usually causes tooth migration, malocclusion, and problems in eating, speech, and esthetics. A boy showed dense gingival fibromatosis localized at primary maxillary right lateral incisor area at the age of 5 years, and his maxillary right lateral incisor become severely displaced at the age of 9 years. He had no medical and hereditary factors relevant to the gingival fibromatosis. However, the dense fibrous tissue was dominant in his labial gingiva of maxillary right incisors. In order to realign the displaced incisors by orthodontic treatment, the dense fibrous tissue covered the defect space between the central incisor and the displaced lateral incisor was surgically removed. The removed specimen was examined by simple immunohistochemical(IHC) array method. IHC array showed increased expression of CTGF, HSP-70, MMP-1, PCNA, CMG2, and TNF-${\alpha}$ in keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages of gingival fibromatosis tissue. Therefore, it was suggested that the gingival fibromatosis be caused by the concomitant overexpression of CTGF, HSP-70, MMP-1, PCNA, CMG2, and TNF-${\alpha}$, and resulted in the fibroepithelial proliferation and the inflammatory reaction of gingival tissue.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.344-351
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• 2020

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) occurs either in isolation or in association with other dental abnormalities and systemic disorder. A rare syndrome associating AI with nephrocalcinosis was named as Enamel Renal Syndrome (ERS; OMIM #204690). This syndrome is characterized by severe enamel hypoplasia, failed tooth eruption, intra pulpal calcifications, enlarged gingiva, and nephrocalcinosis. Nephrocalcinosis is a condition where calcium salts are deposited in renal tissue, and this may lead to critical kidney complications. This rare syndrome shows pathognomonic oral characteristics that are easily detectable at an early age, which proceeds the onset of renal involvement. Pediatric dentists are the first oral health practitioners whom ERS patients will meet at early age. The role of pediatric dentists is critically important for early diagnosis and referral of patients to both nephrologists for renal assessment and geneticists for identification of causative mutation and diagnosis. Early detection of renal involvement may provide chances to prevent further undesired renal complications.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2011

Dental bacteria can cause gum diseases, i.e. gingivitis and periodontitis, by inducing inflammation in human gingiva. Therefore, the most effective way to prevent and treat gum diseases is the control of the inflammatory reactions induced by dental bacteria. Almost all present dental care products contain anti-bacterial agents to eliminate dental bacteria. However, recent studies report that even heat-killed dental bacteria can induce the inflammation responses in oral cells. Therefore, the method using anti-bacterial agents should be improved for better anti-inflammatory effect and the effective natural anti-inflammatory substances need to be found. In addition, the mechanisms of gingival inflammation should be elucidated. In this study, we tried to find out the mechanism of the gingival inflammation and effective natural anti-inflammatory substances with human gingival epithelial cells and Prevotella intermedia which is well known as a typical dental bacteria inducing gingivitis and periodontitis. In results, Prevotell intermedia initiated the gingival inflammation response by stimulating gingival epithelial cells to release an inflammatory cytokine, IL-8. Furthermore, the inflammation by Prevotella intermedia is related to COX-2, AP-1, and TNF-${\alpha}$ pathways. Green tea extract could effectively suppress the inflammatory responses induced by Prevotella intermedia. We find out the effective natural substance for the improvement of gum diseases by studying the mechanism of the gingival inflammation induced by dental bacteria.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 2005

The purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of physiologically active compound (SD62-122) from Phlomidis Radix on the cell cycle progression and its molecular mechanism in human gingival fibroblasts(HGFs). For this purpose, fibroblasts were isolated and cultured from excisioned gingiva during crown lengthening procedure in healthy adult. The following parameter were evaluated that there are cell number counting, MIT assay, cell cycle progression, western blot analysis. The cell number and MIT assay of primary cultured fibroblast was not increased at 2 days but significant increased compare to negative control at 3days(p<0.05). S phase was increased and G1 phase decreased in both $10^{-8}M$ and $10^{-9}M$ of SD62-122 in cell cycle analysis. The cell cycle regulation protein levels of Cyclin $D_1$, Cyclin E, cdk 2, cdk 4 and cdk 6 were increased compare to control in both $10^{-8}M$ and $10^{-9}M$ of SD62-122. The protein levels of p21 and p53 were decreased compare to control, but the level of pRb was not changed compare to control in $10^{-9}M$ of SD2-122. These results suggested that physiologically active compound (SD62-122) isolated from Phlomidis Radix increases the cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in HGFs, which is linked to increased cell cycle regulation protein levels of Cyclin $D_1$, Cyclin E, cdk 2, cdk 4 and cdk 6, and decreased the levels of p21, p53.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.425-441
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• 1997

The neuropeptide substance P(SP) has been implicated in the mediation of inflammation and immune-mediated disease such as arthritis. Recently, it was reported that SP was markedly increased around the blood vessels in inflamed gingiva as well as in close association with the inflammatory cell infiltrate. These results support that SP may contribute to the pathophysiology of neuronal inflammation in human periodontal tissues. SP may regulate inflammatory/immune responses by stimulating the proliferation of human T cells, differentiation and antibody-secreting potential of B cells, macrophage respiratory burst, connective tissue proliferation, and the secretion of cytokines from monocytes and T cells. Here, I studied potential role of SP as a costimulatory chemical signal in inflammatory/immune responses, by determining the released proinflammatory cytokines such as $MIP-1{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, and IL-6 from culture supernatants of homogeneous immune cell lines. Serum free cell supernatants were concentrated with TCA precipitation, fractionated with SDS-PAGE, and subjected into western blot analysis. Among 15 cell lines tested, macrophage/monocyte cell line RAW264.7 and WRl9m.1 showed the highest level of induction of $MIP-1{\alpha}$ when stimulated with LPS. Discrete IL-6 bands with multiple forms of molecular mass were detected from supernatants of B cell lines A20(32kDa), Daudi(32, 35kDa), and SKW6.4(29kDa), which were expressed constitutively. $IL-1{\beta}$ could not be detected by the method of western blot analysis from supernatants of all cell lines tested except RAW264.7, WRl9m.1, and erythroid cell line K562 which showed the least amount of $IL-{\beta}$ secretion. SP $10^{-9}M$ with suboptimal dose of LPS treatment showed synergistic induction of $MIP-1{\alpha}$ release from RAW264.7 or WR19m.1, and also IL-6 release from A20, but this synergism is not the case in costimulation of RAW264.7 or WRl9m.1 with SP $10^{-9}M$ and TPA. Although treatment of T cell line CTLL-R8 with SP $10^{-7}M$ or PHA+TPA induced modest level of $MIP-1{\alpha}$ secretion, synergism was not observed when they are applied together. These findings all together suggest the possibility of a regulatory role of SP in inflammatory/immune reaction through differential modulation of bioactivities of other chemical cosignals.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.300-314
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• 1993

Periodontal disease research has been focused on understanding the immunopathologic mechanisms which may operate in the development and maintenance of peiodontal inflammatory changes. Immunologic and inflammatory responses may relate to the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In order to research immunopathology of periodontal disease, previous investigators have spent much time on the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations and NK cells but they have spent less time on the changes of those cells to the periodontal disease severity. The purpose of study was performed to investigate the changes of the distribution of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, T lymphocyte subsets, and Natural Killer cells in the gingival epithelium and connective tissue of the periodontal disease with the various clinical parameters including Gingival Index, Sulcular Bleeding Index, and pocket depth. Gingival tissues were obtained from 25 patients with different severity of periodontal disease. Serial cryostat sections displaying a cross section of gingiva were labelled with monoclonal antibody for pan T cells, T cytotoxic/suppressor cells, T helper/inducer cells, pan B cells, and NK cells were develped using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase system. Lymphocyte populations were enumerated in repeatable fields from gingival section. 1. T cells were more increased at grade 1 and 3 than at grade 0 of gingival index (p<0.05). Helper T cells and NK cells were significantly increased at grade 1, 2, 3 than at grade 0(p<0.05). 2. T cells were more decreased at grade 3 and 4 than at grade 1 of sulcular bleeding index (p<0.01, p<0.05). Especially, Natural Killer cells were significantly increased at grade 1, 2, 3, 4 than at grade 0 (p<0.05, p<0.001). 3. The ratios of helper T/suppressor T cells were more decreased at grade 4 than at grade 0 and at grade 4 than at grade 2 of sulcular bleeding index (p<0.05, p<0.05). 4. Helper T cells were significantly decreased at grade II and III than at grade I, however the Natural Killer cells showed a increasing tendency with the increase of the pocket depth, there were no significant differences between each grade of pocket depth. 5. The ratios of helper T/suppressor T cells were tended to be decreased with the increase of the pocket depth, there were no significant differences between each grades of pocket depth. There was a very weak change in the distribution of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, T lymphocyte subsets, and Natural Killer cells in the gingival epithelium and connective tissue of the periodontal lesion with the various clinical parameters including gingial index, sulcular bleeding index, and pocket depth. But, the number of T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells were significantly changed in gingival index and sulcular bleeding index.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.317-328
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• 1997

Since laser therapy has been applied to dentistry, many dental practitioners are very interested in laser therapy on various intraoral soft tissue lesions including gingival hyperplasia and aphthous ulcer. The purpose of the present study was to determine the therapeutic effect and the harmful effect of a pulsed-Nd:YAG laser irradiation on human gingival tissue. In twenty periodontal patients with gingival enlargement, the facial gingival surface of maxillary anterior teeth was randomly irradiated at various power of 1.0W(100mJ, 10Hz), 3.0W(100mJ, 30Hz) and 6.0W(l50mJ, 40Hz) for 60 seconds by contact delivery of a pulsed-Nd:YAG laser(EN.EL.EN060, Italy). Immediately after laser irradiation, the gingival tissues were surgically excised and prepared in size of 1mm3. Subsequently the specimens were processed for prefixation and postfixation, embedded with epon mixture, sectioned in $1{\mu}$ thickness, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and observed under transmission electron microscope(JEM 100 CXII). Following findings were observed; l. In the gingival specimens irradiated with l.OW power, widening of intercelluar space and minute vesicle formation along the widened intercellular space were noted at the epithelial cells adjacent to irradiated area. 2. In the gingival specimens irradiated with 3.0W power, the disruption of cellular membrane, aggregation of cytoplasm, and loss of intercellular space were observed at the epithelial cells adjacent to irradiated area. 3. In the gingival specimens irradiated with 6.0W power, the disruption of nuclear and cellular membrane was observed at the epithelial cells adjacent to irradiated area. The ultrastructural findings of this study suggest that surgical application of a pulsed-Nd:YAG laser on human gingival tissue may lead somewhat delayed wound healing due to damage of epithelial cells adjacent to irradiated area.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.75-86
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• 1992

Of the many first-occuring major manifestations of Behcet's disease, the oral ulcer is most frequently observed, shows the highest mean recurrence rate, and the longest mean duration period. A study of the relationship between mechanical irritation buy local factors and the recurrence of oral ulcers was carried out to see if there is a correlation. The subjects chosen for the study were 81 patients who were referred to the Department of Oral Diagnosis at Yonsei University Dental Hospital from the Behcet clinic of Severace Hospital after being diagnosed as Behcet's disease patients. 1. By Shimuzu's classification, possible type was the most numerous with 55.55% ; while suspected type was 19.76% ; incomplete type, 17,28% ; and complete type, 7.41% were observed in that order. The male to female ration was 1 to 1.61, and the average age of onset was 17.63 years. 2. Oral ulcers developed most frequently on the tongue (48.28%), and lip(23.15%), buccal mucosa (20.69%), palate\pharynx(4.43%), and gingiva(3.45%) also showed ulceration. 3. 38.27% of the patients were HSV positive : 27.16% were CRP positive ; 12.34% were ASO positive ; 9.87% were RF positive ; and 3.7% were ANA positive. 4. According to the answers to the survey, fatigue(85.18%) was most frequently associated with Behcet's diseage. Trauma by tooth brushing (22.22%), un specified reasons (20.98%), hard food chewing (12.35%), and irritation by dentition and/or prosthesis (13.58%) were observed in association with Behcet's disease. 23.46% had a history of tonsilitis. 5. Oral ulcers on the anterior part of tongue and buccal mucosa were associated with local irritatants. 6. Oral ulcers on the lip and posterior portion of tongue were not associated with local irritants. Local irritation by dentition and oral ulcer on the anterior part of tongue and buccal mucosa was observed to coexit with one another : in other words, lo9cal factors can act to cause of recurrence of an oral ulcer and to delay the healing process in Behcet's disease. Therefore, elimination of local factors along with systemic therapy must be recommended when treating oral ulcers.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.119-122
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• 2010

Carbondioxide($CO_2$) laser is one of the most widely employed lasers in oral soft tissue surgery because of its excellent affinity for water based soft tissues. It has some inherent advantages such as hemostasis, less postoperative swelling, reduction of bacterial population at surgical site, less need for suturing, less scarring, and less postoperative pain compared to conventional surgical therapies including the use of scalpel, diathermy, cryotherapy and electrosurgery. A 30-years-old male was presented with gingival swelling. Clinical examination revealed a well?defined pedunculated fibrotic mass on the buccal gingiva near right maxillary 1st molar. In radiographic examination, no remarkable abnormality was seen. Excisional biopsy was performed with $CO_2$ laser (continuous wave mode, 4.0W). Histological diagnosis was "Irritation fibroma". $CO_2$ laser has advantages those are suitable for surgical treatment of intraoral lesion. If appropriate training and experience are provided, the dentist would be able to manage intraoral lesions more efficiently and successfully with the use of the $CO_2$ laser.