• Title/Summary/Keyword: gills

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Changes in Protease and Formonitrogen of Salted Fish and Shellfish (1) (젓갈 성숙과정(成熟過程)에 있어 Protease 및 Formonitrogen의 변화(變化)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)(1))

  • Suh, Myung-Jah
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.45-56
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    • 1973
  • Salted fish and shellfish have been widely used in Korea from olden times as side-dishes, although the processes and methods of pickling have varied depending on localities. The common raw materials for these subsidiary food articles include anchovy, shrimp, yellow corvina, oysters, octopus, top-shell, shellfish, pollack roe and pollack intestines. It must be pointed out here, however, that the salted stuffs now marketed locally are highly unscientific and unsanitary in the way they are processed and sold, and this has prompted this writer to undertake a study on these native food articles. The following findings have been obtained from this study on the changes in Formonitrogen and Protease Activity, effected by the density of salt and the degree of storing temperature, of the pickles of cedfish gills, codfish intestines, pollack intestines, shellfish, oysters, cuttle fish and octopus. 1) Codfish Gills The Protease Activity of the pickled codfish gills was greater in the groups of lesser doses of salt and higher degrees of storing temperature. The same was true in the case of Formonifrogen, too. The Formonitrogen of the pickled codfish gills was larger in the groups of lesser salt and higher teimperature. 2) Codfish Intestines The amount of Formonitrogen of the pickled codfiah intestines became greater, as time went by, in the groups of lesser salt than those of larger doses of salt, with the speed of its formation getting faster as the storing temperature rose from $5^{\circ}C$ to $15^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. The Protease Activity was also greater in the groups of lesser salt and higher temperature. The group, stored at 10% salt and $30^{\circ}C$, rotted in five days. 3) Pollack Intestines The amount of Formonitrogen of the pickled pollack intestines was greater in the groups of lesser amount of salt and higher degrees of storing temperature. The Protease Activity of the pickled pollack intestines began decreasing from the 11th day after the pickling in the groups stored at colmparatively high degrees of temperature$(15^{\circ}C-30^{\circ}C)$, while that of the group stored at $5^{\circ}C$ kept rising. The effects of the amount of salt were little. The group stored at 15% salt and $30^{\circ}C$ started rotting on the 13th day while that stored at $30^{\circ}C$ decayed on the 7th day. The group stored at 20% salt and $30^{\circ}C$ rotted on the 9th day. 4) Oysters The amount of Formonitrogen of the pickled oysters became greater as the storing temperature rose and the doses of salt were lowered. The Protease Activity was not affected at any measurable degree by the density of salt in the group stored at $5^{\circ}C$, but became greater as the storing temperature rose to $15^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. The group stored at 10% salt and $30^{\circ}C$ rotted on the 5th day while that stored at 20% salt and $30^{\circ}C$ on the 13th day. 5) Shellfish The amount of Formonitrogen of the pickled shellfish became greater, as time went by, it the groups of lower consistency of salt than the groups of higher density of salt, although the decay of the former groups was faster than the latter groups. The density of salt best fitted for the pickling appeared to be about 20% with the storing temperature to be $15^{\circ}C$, at which the pickled stuff became most tasty on the 7th day. The oysters stored in three groups at $5^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ respectively showed the greatest Protease Activity alike at 0% of salt, but the activity declined as the density of salt increased. The Protease Activity of each group rose for the first 11 days after the pickling, but began declining from the 13th day onward, with the groups of higher temperature retaining higher Protease Activity than the groups of lower temperature. 6) Cuttlefish Both the amount of Formonitrogen and the degree of Protease Activity of the pickled cuttlefish were greater in the groups of lower density of salt and higher degree of storing temperature. The oysters pickled at 10% salt and $15^{\circ}C$ degenerated on the 13th day while that of 10% salt and $30^{\circ}C$ deteriorated on the 7th day. 7) Octopus Both the Formonitrogen and the Protease Activity of the pickled octopus were greater in the groups of lower density of salt, but as time went by, the Protease Activity in all groups dwindled after a climbing. In general, the Formonitrogen and the Protease Activity of the pickled oysters became greater as the storing temperature got higher. One group stored at 10% salt and $15^{\circ}C$ rotted in 13days while another group stored at $30^{\circ}C$ decayed in 7 days.

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Pathogenicity and PCR detection of Vibrio tapetis in Manila clams, Ruditapes philippinarum (양식 바지락, Ruditapes philippinarum에 대한 Vibrio tapetis의 병원성과 PCR법에 의한 진단)

  • Park, Sung-Woo;Lee, Kyung-Hee
    • Journal of fish pathology
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.39-48
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    • 2005
  • Pathogenicity of Vibrio tapetis, the causative bacterium of 'brown ring disease (BRD)' was evaluated in Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarumi by artificially 0.1 $m\ell$ infection of $1.0\times10^5$cells and $1.0\times10^8$ cells at 20 $^{\circ}C$. A PCR assay based on 16S rRNA to detect the bacteria in clam tissues was established. Accumulative mortality of clams infected with $1.0\times10^7$cells and $1.0\times10^4$ cells per an individual of the bacteria was 67.5% and 7.5%, respectively. However, the deposit of brown pigment in the inner shells by accumulation of chonchiolin was not found. The bacteria were not be able to re-isolate from the infected clams by the conventional agar plate method but were easily detected by PCR assay established in this experiment. In clams artificially infected with 10 species of Vibrio, a 414bp for V. tapetis was detected in PCR assay. The specific band in the clams infected with $1.0\times10^4$cells per an individual of V. tapetis was detected only in gills one day after the infection but never be found in any tissues including gills three days after the infection. In the case of clams infected with $1.0\times10^8$cells per an individual of V. tapetis the specific band was detected in gills and intestine one day after the infection, in all tissues three days after the infection, and then in gills and adductor muscle nine days after the infection. The PCR assay was applied to detect V. tapetis in manila clam, surf clam (Mactra veneriformis), oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and Thomas' rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) taken from Taean and Gochang from April to July 2004. The infection rates were detected to 23.1% and 9.4% in the oyster and surf clam, while manila clam and Thomas' rapa whelk were not found.

Acute and subacute toxicity of trichlorfon in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

  • Heo, Gang-Joon;Shin, Gee-Wook
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.49 no.3
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    • pp.253-256
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    • 2009
  • The aim of the present study was to determine the acute and subacute potential of trichlorfon in guppies (Poecilia reticulatus). We first defined the 24 h median tolerance limit ($TLm_{24h}$) of the fish to trichlorfon. Guppies were then treated with $TLm_{24h}$ and 1/10 $TLm_{24h}$ trichlorfon concentrations to evaluate if any histological alterations occurred. The $TLm_{24h}$ value of trichlorfon was 11 ppm. This concentration resulted in acute toxicity to the gills and kidneys with edema, hyperplasia of the gill lamellae, and vacuolated degeneration and necrosis of renal tubular cells. In the case of subacute toxicity using a 10-fold dilution of the $TLm_{24h}$ value (1.1 ppm), no behavioral changes, external lesions or histopathological changes were observed. Therefore, safe concentration of trichlorfon might be 1.1 ppm in guppy for controlling parasitic infections.

Histopathology of the Japanese Scallop, Mizuhopecten yessoensis, Cultured in the Experimental Marine Farm in Minonosok Bay (Russian Far East)

  • Syasina, Iraida G.
    • The Korean Journal of Malacology
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.173-180
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    • 2007
  • Health state of the Japanese scallop, Mizuhopecten yessoensis, cultured in the Experimental Marine Farm in Minonosok Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan) was investigated. The wide spectrum of histopathological changes has been identified in the internal organs and tissues of scallops: prokaryotic infection with prevalence 100%, destruction of digestive epithelium and other changes in digestive system, infiltration of organs by hemocytes and granulocytome formation. The most affected by prokaryotic infection organs are labial palps, lips, esophagus, intestine and gills. Several of the observed alterations seem to be related to prokaryotic infection.

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Accumulation of Heavy Metals in the Antarctic Clam Laternula elliptica

  • Lee, Yong-Seok;Jeong, Kye-Heon
    • Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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    • 2004.06a
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    • pp.87-91
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    • 2004
  • Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural experiments were conducted to find out heavy metal accumulation in some selected organs such as the kidney, the hepatopancreas, and the gills of the Antarctic Clam Laternula elliptica According to the immunohistochemical study the subject organs of the clam showed reactions indicating the presence of MT(metallothionein), a metal-binding protein involved in metal detoxifying process. Examination under the transmission electron microscope also revealed that other ligands(e.g. metal-rich granules in the kidney) may play a role in metal accumulating and detoxifying process in L. elliptica. In the artificial exposure of the clam to Cd, it showed immediate subcellular responses, suggesting that this species can be used as rapid and efficient bioindicators for Cd exposure in natural environment.

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Experimental infection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in wild crab, Gaetice depressus

  • Kim, Chun Soo;Kim, Ki Hong
    • Journal of fish pathology
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.213-216
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    • 2004
  • To confirm the possibility of a wild marine crab, Gaetice depressus, as a carrier for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and to develop an alternative experimental model for WSSV in winter season, the susceptibility of the crab to WSSV was assessed by artificial challenge and subsequently tested for infection by PCR assay. The results revealed that the crabs were as highly susceptible as penaeid shrimps. WSSV caused 100% mortality in G. depressus within 16 days after intramuscular injection. The presence of WSSV in the moribund crabs was confirmed by PCR and was found in gills and muscle tissue. These results suggest that G. depressus can be naturally infected by WSSV via moribund shrimps, and can act as a potential carrier of WSSV. In addition, G. depressus can be used as an alternative experimental animal for WSSV.

Cloning and expression of cDNA for chemokine receptor 9 from Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

  • Kim, Mu-Chan;An, Geun-Hee;Park, Chan-Il
    • Journal of fish pathology
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.299-306
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    • 2007
  • Cysteine-cysteine chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) homologue cDNA was isolated from olive flounder leukocyte cDNA library. Olive flounder CCR9 homologue consisted of 1709 bp encoding 367amino acid residues. When compared with other known CCR peptide sequences, the most conserved region of the olive flounder CCR9 peptide is the seven transmembranes. A phylogenetic analysis based on the deduced amino acid sequence showed the homologous relationship between the olive flounder CCR9 sequence and that of Mouse CCR9. The olive flounder CCR9 gene was predominantly expressed in the Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), kidney, spleen, and gills.

A Report on Five New Records of Nudibranch Molluscs from Korea

  • Jung, Daewui;Lee, Jongrak;Kim, Chang-Bae
    • Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.124-131
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    • 2014
  • The Korean nudibranch faunal study has been conducted since 2011 and five species including Dermatobranchus otome Baba, 1992, Mexichromis festiva (Angas, 1864), Noumea nivalis Baba, 1937, Hoplodoris armata (Baba, 1993), and Okenia hiroi (Baba, 1938) were newly reported with re-descriptions and figures. Also, Noumea purpurea Baba, 1949 was re-described with illustrations because previous records for this species were given without a description. Two congeneric species in the genus Noumea could be distinguished by ground color, dorsal markings, color of the mantle edge and gills, and mantle and dorsal marking. In addition, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of five species were provided for further molecular identification study. Consequently, a total of 43 species have been reported for the Korean nudibranch fauna.

Two Aquatic Oligochaete Species, Dero dorsalis and Allonais pectinata (Annelida: Clitellata: Naididae), New to Korea

  • Lee, Jeounghee;Jung, Jongwoo
    • Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.119-123
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    • 2014
  • The genera Dero and Allonais belong to the family Naididae. Most species in the genus Dero have unique morphological characters including a branchial fossa and/or gills at the posterior end of the body. The genus Allonais has no eyes unlike its close relative the genus Nais. Of these genera, one species of Dero, D. obtusa, was recently reported in Korea. However, the genus Allonais has not been recorded in Korea. Here, we report Dero dorsalis Ferroni$\grave{e}$re, 1899 and Allonais pectinata (Stephenson, 1910) with a diagnosis and illustrations.

Apoptosis in Chloride Cells of Killifish (Orizias latipes) Gills Adapted to the Seawater (해수에 적응된 송사리 (Orizias latipes)아가미 염소세포의 아포토시스)

  • Kang, Wha-Sun;Moon, Young-Wha;Han, Ji-Won;Kim, Han-Hwa
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.369-377
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    • 1996
  • Ultrastructural changes of chloride cells in the gill from seawater-adapted killifish (Orizias latipes) were studied with a transmission electronmicroscope. Chloride cells contain many mitochondria and specifically developed tubular systems. Apical pits, formed by several neighboring chloride cells, were exposed to the environment. Degeneration and death of the chloride cells by apoptosis occurred more frequently than by necrosis. Apoptotic chloride cells shrank, became to apoptotic bodies, and eventually were phagocytosed and digested by the microphages around them. We conclude that apoptosis plays an important role in increased cellular turnover of chloride cells for the osmoregulation caused by changes in salinity of the environment.

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