• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.8
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• pp.937-943
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• 2017

This study was performed to investigate the changes between free and bound forms of bioactive compounds in germinated adzuki bean. Adzuki bean was germinated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 6 days, and then free and bound forms of bioactive compounds were extracted. Total free polyphenol and flavonoid contents in of raw adzuki bean increased from 0.91 mg/g and 0.60 mg/g in before germination to 2.37 mg/g and 3.03 mg/g in at 6 days after germination, respectively. Bound polyphenol, flavonoid, and phenolic acid contents also increased with increasing germination periods, whereas bound polyphenol and flavonoid contents slightly reduced in at 2 days after germination. The total phenolic acid contents, including ferulic acid, veratric acid, hesperidin, salicylic acid, naringenin, and hesperidin, increased during germination, and germination process can convert compounds to phenolic acid via anabolism and catabolism. Total anthocyanin and anthocyanidin contents of adzuki bean decreased during germination due to hydration by water during soaking or enzyme activation of anthocyanase during germination. These results suggest that the germination process increased utilization of functional compounds such as phenolic compound and isoflavones in black soybean.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.239-244
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• 1994

As a fundamental study to control Alopeuclus aequalis Sobol. var. amurensis(Kom.) Ohwi., on dominant weed in barley and dry seeded rice cultivation on paddy fields, several factors which would have closer relations to its germination and emergence, were examined. The results are as follows. The dormancy of seeds were broken at dry-heat treatment of $30^{\circ}C$. The germination rate of the seeds was high in order of 15>10>20> $5^{\circ}C$ and was very low at more than $25^{\circ}C$. The emergence of A. aequalis was influenced little for the light, but had a tendency to be good on the dark condition. The seeds dried on room temperature germinated few but them treated on $30^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours were germinated over 80%. The A. aequalis occured few in the saline soil of salt concentration of more than 0.25% and the germination rate of seeds was very low on the over 0.5% solution of NaCl. On the solution of pH 6.0~12.0, the germination was not effected for pH but was very few on pH 2.0. At the paddy-lowland which have cultivated the soybean for three years A. aequalis emerged a few.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1047-1052
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• 2001

The pigment content in meju fermented by a Monascus species with different materials was studied. The relations between growth of M. pilosus and pigment production were positive and the correlation coefficient associated with this relationship was determined to be : r = 0.9879. Pigments produced by M. purpureus and M. pilosus were composed of 9 and 8 bands, respectively. One kind of them was yellowish, whereas the others were reddish. Total pigment levels in rice meju fermented by M. purpureus and M. pilosus were 335.25 and 1428.90$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, respectively. Pigment levels in the mejus fermented at 3$0^{\circ}C$ showed higher than those at 20 and 4$0^{\circ}C$. The order of pigment content in meju was polished rice > germinated brown rice > wheat > brown rice > waxy brown rice > germinated waxy brown rice. Pigment production by M. pilosus was higher than that of M. purpureus. Pigment content in rice meju prepared by adding 10% seed culture was highest, and pigment content of granulated rice was higher than that of powdered rice. Pigment production was not desirable in soybean meju fermented by seed culture, whereas the pigment levels in meju by adding 10% powdered rice and 10% powdered rice seed meju increased by 23.0 ~75.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1002-1006
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• 2002

Germination method was used to screen the biological changes in soybean, kidney bean, and red bean caused by gamma irradiation. Beans were irradiated at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 kGy. Ten beans of each sample were placed on moistened cotton and germinated at $30{\circ}C$. The root lengths were measured daily for 5 days. Root lengths of all beans grew continuously for 5 days, but the growth rate of irradiated beans decreased significantly from fourth day. Unirradiated beans showed the highest growth rate during 5 days of germination. Gamma-irradiated beans could be screened by measuring the daily growth rate and root length during germination.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.358-362
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• 1984

Soybeans were soaked in water for 3 hrs and germinated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days followed by hot water extraction and boilding for 30 min. The prepared soymilk was analyzed for chemical composition, phytic acid and soluble minerals. Germination resulted in a slow decrease in total solids while protein recovery increased to a maximum of 92.5% after 2 days. Carbohydrate content was reduced to 65% by the 5th day of germination. The intial phytic acid content in soymilk of 1.26g recovered from 100g dry soybean was decreased by 41.3% while inorganic phosphorus increased more than four times from 31.3mg to 135.0mg. Total soluble minerals was also steadily increased.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2005

Lateral roots of soybean sprouts should deeply affect their quality and marketability. The study was done to compare the effects of ocher, chitosan, corn kennel, tea (Thea sinensis L.) and hard rubber tree (Eucommia ulmoides Oliver) leaf extracts on lateral root formation, growth and morphological characters of the sprouts. Seeds of three cultivars, Pungsannamulkong, Sowonkong and Junjery, were imbibed for 5 hours into their 10% solutions and cultured for 6 days. The cultured sprouts were classified into 4 categories to calculate their composition rates on the base of hypocotyl lengths;>7 cm (A), 4 to 7 cm (B), < 4 cm (C) and not germinated (D), and their morphological characters, fresh and dry weights were measured. Composition rate of A was the lowest in Junjery of the three cultivars, while that of C showed reverse result compared to A. This results was the most distinct in hard rubber tree leaf extracts (HRTLE) of the five treatments. In HRTLE treatment, lateral root formation rate were formed in almost of Sowonkong although reduced in order of Pungsannamulkong and Junjery. However, there was no significant difference between the other treatments. Lateral roots per sprout were the lowest in HRTLE treatment of the 5 treatments. In all treatments except the chitosan treatment, the roots were most formed in Sowonkong but least in Junjery. Sprout length adding hypocotyl and root was the shortest in Junjery compared to the other two cultivars. and was the longest in tea leaf extract treatment but the shortest in HRTLE treatment. The result in total fresh weight of sprouts was similar to that of the sprout length.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 1994

The experiment was conducted to determine if seed size and seed coat color of soybean might be effective in water uptake and cotyledon damage after imbibition, and hypocotyl elongation. Eight soybean cultivars were separated into two classes of large and small seed based on seed weight, and each class included two cultivars with yellow and black seed color, respectively. Small seed size group was superior in water uptake by seed for 24 hour in imbibition at $25^{\circ}C$ , but its differences decreased as soaking time increased. Small seed cultivars germinated faster and had better germination rate than large ones. However, cultivars with black seed coat showed more slow water uptake at initial time and faster germination than yellow seed, but in 24 hour after imbibition, cultivars with black seed coat had higher water uptake rate than yellow seeds. Small seed cultivar group showed no cotyledon damage in imbibition for 24 hour while large seed cultivars were damaged 78% of cotyledon, and black seed showed low cotyledon damage compared to yellow seed. Hypocotyl length was shorter in large seed rather than in small seed, but hypocotyl thickness in large seed was more thick than in small seed. In correlation coefficients, seed coat rate, embryo rate exhibited significantly negative association with seed weight, and the correlation of seed weight with water uptake in 3 hour after soaking was significantly negative, but in 24 hour showed positive correlation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.247-256
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• 1974

The Merit variety of soybean (Glycine max L.), harvested in 1971 was germinated in the dark at $21{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. The soybean sprout were divided into cotyledons and seedling axis and subjected to the determination of lipoxygenase activity and fatty acid composition of triglycerides, free fatty acids, phosholipids and crude fat fractions at two-day intervals during the germination periods. The results are summarized as follows 1) The lipoxygenase activity in cotyledons declined sharply after second day, but the activity in seedling axis inclined slightly after second day. However, the decrease of lipoxygenase activity in cotyledons coincided with decrease of linoleic and linolenic acids in cotyledons and increase of lipoxygenase activity in seedling axis coincided with increase of those acids in seedling axis. 2) The iodine value of neutral fat in cotyledons decreased continuously, but the iodine value of the neutral fat in seedling axis remained almost constant. iodine value in cotyeldons was greater than in seedling axis. 3) In the fatty acid composition of triglycerides in cotyledons, palmitic acid did not changes significantly, stearic acid increased continuously, oleic acid changed irregularly, linoleic and linolenic acids continuously decreased significantly. But in the fatty acid composition of triglycerides in seedling axis, palmitic acid remained unchanged, linoleic and linolenic acids slightly increased continuously, stearic and oleic acids changed irregularly. 4) Composition of free fatty acids in cotyledons and seedling axis changed irregularly, suggesting that all fatty acids produced by hydrolysis of triglycerides by lipase are used(or either biosynthetic Purpose or energy Production at random. 5) Fatty acids with odd-numbered carbon chain were not detected in the triglycerides and free fatty acid fractions during the germination periods, suggesting that all fatty acids are utilized as $C_2$-unit in degradation and biosynthesis. 6) The changes of fatty acids composition of Phospholipid in cotyledons and seedling axis during the germination were similar to these of triglyceride fraction.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2005

Soybean sprouts presoaked to leaf extracts were on sale as taking a growing concern about wellbeing foods. The study was carried out to compare the effects of culture period after presoaking tea (Thea sinensis L.) and hard rubber tree (Eucommia ulmoides Oliver) leaf extracts on lateral root formation, growth and morphological characters of the sprouts. Seeds of three cultivars, Pungsannamulkong, Sowonkong and Junjery, were imbibed for 5 hours into 10% solutions immediately before 5, 6 and 7 day cultures. The cultured sprouts were classified into 4 categories to calculate their composition rates on the base of hypocotyllengths; >7 cm (A),4 to 7 cm (B),< 4 cm (C) and not germinated (D), and their morphological characters, fresh and dry weights were measured. Rate of A was the lowest in Junjery of the three cultivars, while that of C showed reverse result compared to A. Similar results to that of A were observed between the three cultivars in sprout length including hypocotyl and root, diameters in middle and hook parts of hypocotyl, total fresh and dry weights. Regardless of tea and hard rubber tree leaf extract treatments, longer culture periods increased rate of A due to decrements of B, C and D, and also did the growth and the morphological characters mentioned above. Although longer culture periods reduced the increment of lateral roots, the latter treatment was more delayed in their formation and less in the roots per sprout than the former one. The growth and the morphological characters above were less in the latter treatment than in the former one in general, meaning that hard rubber tree leaf extract could more repress growth of soybean sprouts than tea leaf extract.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 1983

Changes in the quality and amino acid composition of soymilk prepared from soaked and germinated soybeans were investigated. Soybeans were soaked in water for 3 hrs and germinated at $18{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 5 days followed by water extraction at room temperature, and then the soymilk was boiled for 30 min. The initial yields of total solid and protein after soaking were 80.7% and 88.6%, respectively and decreased slowly during germination. A slow decrease in lipids and a rapid reduction in total sugar content were found during germination. The change in protein fraction content of soymilk showed an initial increase followed by a gradual decrease. The intrinsic viscosity increased rapidly after 3 days of germination to maximum value at 4th day, then decreased. The amino acid composition of protein fraction of soymilk showed little change while that of nonprotein fraction changed significantly. After 4 days of germination, aspartic acid and alanine increased more than twice, and methionine and tyrosine decreased to half of their initial composition in soymilk prepared from soaked soybean.