• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.1-23
• /
• 2018

From the 21st century, various high-quality services have come up with the growth of the internet or 'Information and Communication Technologies'. Especially, the scale of E-commerce industry in which Amazon and E-bay are standing out is exploding in a large way. As E-commerce grows, Customers could get what they want to buy easily while comparing various products because more products have been registered at online shopping malls. However, a problem has arisen with the growth of E-commerce. As too many products have been registered, it has become difficult for customers to search what they really need in the flood of products. When customers search for desired products with a generalized keyword, too many products have come out as a result. On the contrary, few products have been searched if customers type in details of products because concrete product-attributes have been registered rarely. In this situation, recognizing texts in images automatically with a machine can be a solution. Because bulk of product details are written in catalogs as image format, most of product information are not searched with text inputs in the current text-based searching system. It means if information in images can be converted to text format, customers can search products with product-details, which make them shop more conveniently. There are various existing OCR(Optical Character Recognition) programs which can recognize texts in images. But existing OCR programs are hard to be applied to catalog because they have problems in recognizing texts in certain circumstances, like texts are not big enough or fonts are not consistent. Therefore, this research suggests the way to recognize keywords in catalog with the Deep Learning algorithm which is state of the art in image-recognition area from 2010s. Single Shot Multibox Detector(SSD), which is a credited model for object-detection performance, can be used with structures re-designed to take into account the difference of text from object. But there is an issue that SSD model needs a lot of labeled-train data to be trained, because of the characteristic of deep learning algorithms, that it should be trained by supervised-learning. To collect data, we can try labelling location and classification information to texts in catalog manually. But if data are collected manually, many problems would come up. Some keywords would be missed because human can make mistakes while labelling train data. And it becomes too time-consuming to collect train data considering the scale of data needed or costly if a lot of workers are hired to shorten the time. Furthermore, if some specific keywords are needed to be trained, searching images that have the words would be difficult, as well. To solve the data issue, this research developed a program which create train data automatically. This program can make images which have various keywords and pictures like catalog and save location-information of keywords at the same time. With this program, not only data can be collected efficiently, but also the performance of SSD model becomes better. The SSD model recorded 81.99% of recognition rate with 20,000 data created by the program. Moreover, this research had an efficiency test of SSD model according to data differences to analyze what feature of data exert influence upon the performance of recognizing texts in images. As a result, it is figured out that the number of labeled keywords, the addition of overlapped keyword label, the existence of keywords that is not labeled, the spaces among keywords and the differences of background images are related to the performance of SSD model. This test can lead performance improvement of SSD model or other text-recognizing machine based on deep learning algorithm with high-quality data. SSD model which is re-designed to recognize texts in images and the program developed for creating train data are expected to contribute to improvement of searching system in E-commerce. Suppliers can put less time to register keywords for products and customers can search products with product-details which is written on the catalog.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.55-73
• /
• 2007

Festivals are an indispensable feature of cultural tourism(Formica & Uysal, 1998). Cultural tourism festivals are increasingly being used as instruments promoting tourism and boosting the regional economy. So much research related to festivals is undertaken from a variety of perspectives. Plans to revisit a particular festival have been viewed as an important research topic both in academia and the tourism industry. Therefore festivals have frequently been leveled as cultural events. Cultural tourism festivals have become a crucial component in constituting the attractiveness of tourism destinations(Prentice, 2001). As a result, a considerable number of tourist studies have been carried out in diverse cultural tourism festivals(Backman et al., 1995; Crompton & Mckay, 1997; Park, 1998; Clawson & Knetch, 1996). Much of previous literature empirically shows the close linkage between tourist satisfaction and behavioral intention in festivals. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of evaluation attributes of cultural tourism festivals on satisfaction and behavioral intention. accomplish the research objective, to find out evaluation items of cultural tourism festivals through the literature study an empirical study. Using a varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization, the research obtained four factors in the 18 evaluation attributes of cultural tourism festivals. Some empirical studies have examined the relationship between behavioral intention and actual behavior. To understand between tourist satisfaction and behavioral intention, this study suggests five hypotheses and hypothesized model. In this study, the analysis is based on primary data collected from visitors who participated in '2006 Gwangju Kimchi Festival'. In total, 700 self-administered questionnaires were distributed and 561 usable questionnaires were obtained. Respondents were presented with the 18 satisfactions item on a scale from 1(strongly disagree) to 7(strongly agree). Dimensionality and stability of the scale were evaluated by a factor analysis with varimax rotation. Four factors emerged with eigenvalues greater than 1, which explained 66.40% of the total variance and Cronbach' alpha raging from 0.876 to 0.774. And four factors named: advertisement and guides, programs, food and souvenirs, and convenient facilities. To test and estimate the hypothesized model, a two-step approach with an initial measurement model and a subsequent structural model for Structural Equation Modeling was used. The AMOS 4.0 analysis package was used to conduct the analysis. In estimating the model, the maximum likelihood procedure was used.In this study Chi-square test is used, which is the most common model goodness-of-fit test. In addition, considering the literature about the Structural Equation Modeling, this study used, besides Chi-square test, more model fit indexes to determine the tangibility of the suggested model: goodness-of-fit index(GFI) and root mean square error of approximation(RMSEA) as absolute fit indexes; normed-fit index(NFI) and non-normed-fit index(NNFI) as incremental fit indexes. The results of T-test and ANOVAs revealed significant differences(0.05 level), therefore H1(Tourist Satisfaction level should be different from Demographic traits) are supported. According to the multiple Regressions analysis and AMOS, H2(Tourist Satisfaction positively influences on revisit intention), H3(Tourist Satisfaction positively influences on word of mouth), H4(Evaluation Attributes of cultural tourism festivals influences on Tourist Satisfaction), and H5(Tourist Satisfaction positively influences on Behavioral Intention) are also supported. As the conclusion of this study are as following: First, there were differences in satisfaction levels in accordance with the demographic information of visitors. Not all visitors had the same degree of satisfaction with their cultural tourism festival experience. Therefore it is necessary to understand the satisfaction of tourists if the experiences that are provided are to meet their expectations. So, in making festival plans, the organizer should consider the demographic variables in explaining and segmenting visitors to cultural tourism festival. Second, satisfaction with attributes of evaluation cultural tourism festivals had a significant direct impact on visitors' intention to revisit such festivals and the word of mouth publicity they shared. The results indicated that visitor satisfaction is a significant antecedent of their intention to revisit such festivals. Festival organizers should strive to forge long-term relationships with the visitors. In addition, it is also necessary to understand how the intention to revisit a festival changes over time and identify the critical satisfaction factors. Third, it is confirmed that behavioral intention was enhanced by satisfaction. The strong link between satisfaction and behavioral intentions of visitors areensured by high quality advertisement and guides, programs, food and souvenirs, and convenient facilities. Thus, examining revisit intention from a time viewpoint may be of a great significance for both practical and theoretical reasons. Additionally, festival organizers should give special attention to visitor satisfaction, as satisfied visitors are more likely to return sooner. The findings of this research have several practical implications for the festivals managers. The promotion of cultural festivals should be based on the understanding of tourist satisfaction for the long- term success of tourism. And this study can help managers carry out this task in a more informed and strategic manner by examining the effects of demographic traits on the level of tourist satisfaction and the behavioral intention. In other words, differentiated marketing strategies should be stressed and executed by relevant parties. The limitations of this study are as follows; the results of this study cannot be generalized to other cultural tourism festivals because we have not explored the many different kinds of festivals. A future study should be a comparative analysis of other festivals of different visitor segments. Also, further efforts should be directed toward developing more comprehensive temporal models that can explain behavioral intentions of tourists.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.211-217
• /
• 2008

The gravity anomalies that observed by ground and shipborne survey and calculated from GRACE satellite are combined by using spherical cap harmonic analysis (SCHA). In this study, ground gravity data from Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resource(KIGAM) and shipborne gravity data from National Ocean Research Institute(NORI) and Korea Ocean Research and Development institute(KORDI) were used. L-2 level GRACE Gravity Model (GGM02C) was also used for satellite gravity anomaly. The ground and shipborne surveyed data were combined and gridded using Krigging method with 0.05 degree interval and GRACE data were also gridded using the same method with 0.05 degree to harmonize with the resolution of SCHA that has coefficient up to 80. Generalized Minimal Residual(GMRES) inversion method was implemented for calculating the coefficients of SCHA using the gridded ground and satellite gravity anomalies that had 0 km and 50 km altitude, respectively. The results of inversion method showed good correlation of 0.950 and 0.995 with original ground and satellite data. The gravity anomaly using SCHA satisfies Laplace's equation, therefore, using these SCHA coefficients, gravity anomaly can be calculated at any altitude. In this study, gravity anomaly was calculated from 10 km to 60 km altitude and each altitude, very stable results were shown. The ground and shipborne gravity data that have higher resolution and satellite data in long wavelength are harmonized well with SCHA coefficients and successfully applied in South Korea area. If more continuous survey and muti-altitude surveyed data like airborne data available, more precise gravity anomaly can be acquired using SCHA method.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.226-232
• /
• 2000

Purpose :This study was performed to find out the prognostic factors affecting local control in early glottic cancer treated with radiation therapy alone. Materials and Methods :We analysed 37 patients of histologically confirmed early glottic cancer treated at Chonnam National University Hospital between July Im and December 1995, retrospectively. Age of patients ranged from 30 to 73 years (median; 59 years). Thirty-five (95$\%$) patients were male. Histological type was all squamous cell carcinoma. According to the staging system of 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer, 37 patients were restaged as follows: Tla; U (73$\%$), Tlb; 3 (8$\%$), 72: 7 (19$\%$). Radiation therapy was done using 6 MV X-ray of linear accelerator The range of total radiation dose delivered to the glottic lesion was between 5,040 cGy and 7,020 cGy (median; 6,600 cGy). Median follow-up period was U months. local control rates were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. Generalized Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate the difference of control rates between comparable groups. Multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazard model was done to find out prognostic factors affecting local control. Results:5 year survival rate of 37 patients was 89$\%$. Local control rate of 37 patients was 74$\%$ in 5 years. We included age, 7-stage, anterior commissure involvement, fraction size, total radiation dose, treatment time of radiotherapy as potential prognostic factors in univariate and multivariate analysis. As a result, treatment time had statistical significance in local control rate in both univariate (p=0.026) and multivariate (p=0.017) analysis. Complication was not recorded except one patient with hypothyroidism. Conclusion :This study revealed that overall treatment time of radiation was a significant factor affecting local control rate.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.251-258
• /
• 1998

Purpose : This study was performed to analyze the factors affecting local control in malignant tumors of the parotid gland treated with surgery and postoperative radiation. Materials and methods : Twenty-six patients were treated for malignant tumors of the parotid gland from 1986 to 1995 at Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Chonnam University Hospital. Age of the patients ranged from 14 to 72 years (median : 55 years). Histologically 10 patients of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 7 of squamous cell carcinoma, 4 of acinic cell carcinoma, 4 of adenoid cystic carcinoma and 1 of adenocarcinoma were treated. Total parotidectomy was performd in 15 of 26 patients, superficial in 7, subtotal in 4. Facial nerve was sacrificed in 5 patients. Postoperatively 4 patients had residual disease, 4 had positive resection margin. Radiation was delivered through an ipsilateral wedged pair of photon in 11 patients. High energy electron beam was mixed with photon in 15 patients. Electron beam dose ranged from 900 cGy to 3800 cGy (median 1700 cGy). Total radiation dose ranged from 5000 cGy to 7560 cGy (median : 6020 cGy). Minimum follow-up period was 2 years. Local control and survival rate were calculated using Kaplan-Meier method. Generalized Wilcoxon test and Cox proportional hazard model were used to test factors affecting local control. Results : Five (19$\%$) of 26 patients had local recurrence. Five year local control rate was 77$\%$. Overall five year survival rate was 70$\%$. Sex, age, tumor size, surgical involvement of cervical lymph node, involvement of resection margin, surgical invasion of nerve, and total dose were analyzed as suggested factors affecting local control rate. Among them patients with tumor size less than 4 cm (p=0.002) and negative resection margin (p=0.011) were associated with better local control rates in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed only tumor size factor is associated with local control rate (p=0.022). Conclusion : This study suggested that tumor size is important in local control of malignant tumors of parotid gland.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.209-221
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of climate change on the nonpoint source pollution in a small watershed using a mid-range model. The study area is a basin in a rural area that covers 384 ha with a composition of 50% forest and 19% paddy. The hydrologic and water quality data were monitored from 1996 to 2004, and the feasibility of the GWLF (Generalized Watershed Loading function) model was examined in the agricultural small watershed using the data obtained from the study area. As one of the studies on climate change, KEI (Korea Environment Institute) has presented the monthly variation ratio of rainfall in Korea based on the climate change scenario for rainfall and temperature. These values and observed daily rainfall data of forty-one years from 1964 to 2004 in Suwon were used to generate daily weather data using the stochastic weather generator model (WGEN). Stream runoff was calibrated by the data of $1996{\sim}1999$ and was verified in $2002{\sim}2004$. The results were determination coeff, ($R^2$) of $0.70{\sim}0.91$ and root mean square error (RMSE) of $2.11{\sim}5.71$. Water quality simulation for SS, TN and TP showed $R^2$ values of 0.58, 0.47 and 0.62, respectively, The results for the impact of climate change on nonpoint source pollution show that if the factors of watershed are maintained as in the present circumstances, pollutant TN loads and TP would be expected to increase remarkably for the rainy season in the next fifty years.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.17 no.12
• /
• pp.551-560
• /
• 2016

The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the parameters in relation to college students' awareness of sexual assault and sexual violence experience. The subjects were 408 male and female college students attending four universities located in Jeju island. Sexual assault awareness measures, sexual violence experience scale, and the scale of sexual violence allowance scale were used in the questionnaires. First, correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between sexual violence awareness and sexual violence. Also, sexual violence awareness and sexual violence allowance scale showed a considerable negative correlation. This suggests that the higher the sexual assault awareness, the lower the sexual damage and sexual violence allowance scale. Second, after analyzing the division of the subject into research model and competition model to verify the mediation effect in relationship of the sexual violence awareness and sexual violence experience, it was clear that sexual awareness does not have a direct effect on the experience of sexual damage. It rather mediated the sexual violence allowance scale. Therefore, the research model, which is the full mediation model, was selected. In other words, sexual assault awareness appeared to fully mediate the relationship between sexual assault awareness and sexual assault experience. This means that sexual assault perception has an indirect influence through sexual assault allowance rather than a direct effect on the sexual assault experience. Thus, the more well established that sexual assault awareness is, the lower the sexual assault allowance scale. Finally, the lowered sexual assault allowance scale could reduce the sexual assault harm. To improve the sexual assault recognition, a systematic sexual violence prevention education should be conducted. Sexual assault prevention education would allow students in dating relationships to become mature in their human rights and maintain the proper emotional relationship and enable a reduction in the harm sexual assault as a result of giving them the consideration. Finally, this study had a limitation in selecting the subjects as the college students living in Jeju. Therefore, in order to compensate for this limitation, follow-up studies should be carried out on with a sample of generalized and various research subjects.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.37-52
• /
• 2015

The recent global trends display expansion and growing solidity in both cooperative collaboration between industry, education, and research and R&D network systems. A greater support for the network and cooperative research sector would open greater possibilities for the evolution of new scholar and industrial fields and the development of new theories evoked from synergized educational research. Similarly, the national need for a strategy that can most efficiently and effectively support R&D network that are established through the government's R&D project research is on the rise. Despite the growing urgency, due to the habitual dependency on simple individual personal information data regarding R&D industry participants and generalized statistical data references, the policies concerning network system are disappointing and inadequate. Accordingly, analyses of the relationships involved for each subject who is participating in the R&D industry was conducted and on the foundation of an educational-industrial-research network system, possible changes within and of the network that may arise were predicted. To predict the R&D network transitions, Common Neighbor and Jaccard's Coefficient models were designated as the basic foundational models, upon which a new prediction model was proposed to address the limitations of the two aforementioned former models and to increase the accuracy of Link Prediction, with which a comparative analysis was made between the two models. Through the effective predictions regarding R&D network changes and transitions, such study result serves as a stepping-stone for an establishment of a prospective strategy that supports a desirable educational-industrial-research network and proposes a measure to promote the national policy to one that can effectively and efficiently sponsor integrated R&D industries. Though both weighted applications of Common Neighbor and Jaccard's Coefficient models provided positive outcomes, improved accuracy was comparatively more prevalent in the weighted Common Neighbor. An un-weighted Common Neighbor model predicted 650 out of 4,136 whereas a weighted Common Neighbor model predicted 50 more results at a total of 700 predictions. While the Jaccard's model demonstrated slight performance improvements in numeric terms, the differences were found to be insignificant.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.256-266
• /
• 2014

Purpose : This study was to explore the long-term effects of breast cancer prevention volunteering on self-efficacy, depression, and posttraumatic growth among survivors with breast cancer. Methods: This pilot study utilized a longitudinal design. Participants were 14 women with breast cancer who participated in the breast cancer prevention educational program The data were collated between February and August in 2013. Self-report questionnaires were used to measure the self-efficacy for self-management of breast cancer, depression, and posttraumatic growth at pre-education(T0), 1 month(T1), 3 months(T2), and 6 months(T1) post-education. A generalized estimating equation regression model was used to identify the effects. Results: The scores of self-efficacy increased significantly at T1(${\chi}^2$=5.56, p=.0l8) and D(${\chi}^2$=4.56, p=.033) compared with T0. Depression and posttraumatic growth remained stable with fairly good levels throughout the 6-month period. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that breast cancer prevention volunteering in survivors with breast cancer can be effective for enhancing their self-efficacy and maintaining psychological well-bang. Also the study showed that such volunteering activity could be a useful program not only for the general public but also for breast cancer survivors.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.96-106
• /
• 2009

Extending the scale of the distributed processing in a single Ethernet cluster is physically restricted by maximum ports per switch. This paper presents an implementation of MPI-based multicluster consisting of multiple Ethernet switches for extending the scale of distributed processing, and a asymptotical analysis for communication overhead through execution-time analysis model. To determine an optimum task partitioning, we analyzed the processing time for various partitioning schemes, and AAP(accumulator array partitioning) scheme was finally chosen to minimize the overall communication overhead. The scope of data partitioned in AAP was modified to fit for incremented nodes, and suitable load balancing algorithm was implemented. We tried to alleviate the communication overhead through exploiting the pipelined broadcast and flat-tree based result gathering, and overlapping of the communication and the computation time. We used the linear pipeline broadcast to reduce the communication overhead in intercluster which is interconnected by a single link. Experimental results shows nearly linear speedup by the proposed parallel distributed GHT implemented on MPI-based Ethernet multicluster with four 100Mbps Ethernet switches and up to 128 nodes of Pentium PC.