• Journal of Wellbeing Management and Applied Psychology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.13-24
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• 2024

Against the backdrop of China's implementation of the "universal two-child" policy, the expansion of higher education, and the narrowing gender gap in the labor market and family status, we investigated the impact of the number of children on parental labor supply and occupational prestige scores using data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) for 2016 and 2018. We found that the influence of children on the parental labor market shifted from labor supply to occupational prestige scores. Heterogeneity analysis reveals a more negative significant adverse impact of younger children on parental labor market performance compared with children over 7 years old. Compared to rural areas, parents in urban areas experience a more significant negative impact from an increase in the number of children. Extended families facilitate rural fathers' employment and leads to a decline in occupational prestige for urban parents.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.114-119
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• 2015

Background: There has been considerable interest in Japanese society in the problem of work-related stress leading to depressive symptoms, and an increasing number of primary houseworkers maintain paid employment. The purpose of this study was to examine the differential impact of multiple roles associated with psychological distress among Japanese workers. Methods: We studied 722 men and women aged 18-83 years in a cross-sectional study. The K10 questionnaire was used to examine psychological distress. Results: The proportion of participants with psychological distress was higher in women (17.8%) compared with men (11.5%). Having three roles significantly decreased the risk of psychological distress [women: odds ratio (OR), 0.37-fold; men: OR, 0.41] compared with only one role. In working married women, there was significantly less psychological distress (OR, 0.27), and those with childrearing or caregiving responsibilities for elderly parents had significantly less psychological distress (OR, 0.38) than those with only an employment role. Similarly, working married men who had childrearing or caregiving responsibilities for elderly parents had significantly less psychological distress (OR, 0.41) than those who had only an employment role. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that participants who had only an employment role had an increased risk of psychological distress. The degree of psychological distress was not determined solely by the number of roles. It is important to have balance between work and family life to reduce role conflict and/or role submersion, which in turn may reduce the risk of psychological distress.

• Asian review of World Histories
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.147-167
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• 2014

The urban modernity that became an irresistible model for elites in Asia in the decades before and after 1900 was far from being gender-neutral. It represented an exceptional peak of patriarchy in its exclusion of respectable middle class women from the work force, from ownership and control of property and from politics. Marriage was indissoluble and the wife's role in the male-headed nuclear family was to care for and educate the abundant children she produced. Puritan religious values underlined the perils for women of falling outside this pattern of dependence on the male. Though upheld as modern and civilized, this ideal was in particularly striking contrast with the pre-colonial Southeast Asian pattern of economic autonomy and balance between women and men, and the relative ease of female-initiated divorce. Although attractive to many western-educated Southeast Asian men, including religious reformers determined to 'save' and domesticate women, urban respectability of this type was a poor fit for women accustomed to dominant roles in commerce and marketing, and at least equal ones in production. Southeast Asian relative failure in the high colonial era to adapt to the modern market economy may also have a gendered explanation. We should not be surprised that patriarchy and puritanism became more important in Southeast Asia as it urbanized in the late 20th Century, since this was echoing the European experience a century earlier. The question remains how far Southeast Asia could retain its relatively balanced gender pattern in face of its eventual rapid urbanization and commercial development.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1217-1226
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• 2017

The Disney Studios have been aiming at the animation storytelling of the signification system that the contemporary audience can universally accept. And it can be said that such storytelling is aesthetic expression based on the contemporary mainstream dominant mythology. Seen from this perspective, the changes of the masculinity of male characters that are represented in the Disney feature animation Frozen are not just a simple aesthetic phenomenon but a strategy of animation storytelling that reflects the contemporary cultural and social trend. The gender identity of the male characters of Frozen is completely freed from the existing stereotypes about Disney feature animations, and it positively presents the changes of the gender roles that reflect the changes in social value and the needs of the times.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.105-117
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• 2019

Purpose : Using qualitative research and a phenomenological approach, the present study aimed to explore men's experiences of becoming a nurse. We posed the question "What has been your experience of becoming a nurse?" Methods : Eleven male nurses from three regions in Korea were selected through convenience sampling. The protocol suggested by Colaizzi was used for data analysis. Results : The principal themes were "Challenging to the stochastic stereotype of gender mechanics," "Floating outside the enclosure of multiple groups," "The male nurse's conceptualization of nursing organizations," "To stand with self-doubt, thinking of it as a stopover," and "Situations encountered by a male nurse." Conclusion : Men experience gender discrimination based on the social roles that are imposed on males and females both at school and in the workplace. They prefer to work where they have more diverse tasks that require quick responses. However, most male nurses adapt to this work by outlasting the difficulties. These nurses become accustomed to their tasks, and satisfied with their mature work performance. They often feel they are not adequately compensated for their work. They may judge the future as uncertain, and have lingering doubts about maintaining their positions, ultimately gravitating toward specialized fields that promise a brighter future and are more consistent with traditional gender expectations.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.3 s.75
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• pp.77-91
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• 2005

This study conceptualized the factors affecting college students' consumer decision-making styles from the perspective of consumer socialization. A number of antecedent variables identified by preceding studies (age, gender, place where one grew up, job experience, main reason for working, amount of allowance, family income, socio-economic status) and socialization agents such as family, peers, mass media were included in the analysis. This study extends previous studies by examining a theoretical link between the antecedent variables and socialization agents. Three hundred and forty one undergraduate students in Daejeon were participated in this study. Stepwise multiple regression md path analysis were conducted. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Six consumer decision-making styles were identified. 2. The influence of the socialization agents, especially mass media and several antecedent variables, especially gender and main reason for working, played important roles in consumer decision-making styles. 3. Several antecedent variables, especially gender and family income, were related only with the influence of socialization agents. 4. Six path-analysis models that illustrate the relationships among the antecedent variables, the socialization agents and consumer decision-making styles were proposed.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.297-310
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• 2021

This study examined the social wellbeing of working mothers of preschool children with the aim of identifying relationships between social wellbeing and influencing factors, focusing on the individual, relationship, and work environment of the mothers. Data on 390 working mothers were used for this study. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 program and descriptive statistics. Pearson's correlation analyses and hierarchical regression analyses were performed. The results show that social wellbeing has significantly positive correlations with education, monthly household income, number of children, age of the first child(8 and over), social capital for childcare, division of childcare, maternal role values, spouse's beliefs about paternal parenting involvement, and family-supportive work environment, as well as significantly negative correlations with weekly working hours, sociological ambivalence, spouse's beliefs about father's breadwinner role and gender-role values, job overload, and gender-role attitudes of coworkers. In addition, hierarchical regression revealed that spouse's beliefs about paternal parenting involvement and a family-supportive work environment were significantly positive predictors of working mothers'social wellbeing, whereas working mothers'sociological ambivalence toward their roles, job overload, and gender-role attitudes of coworkers were significantly negative predictors of working mothers'social wellbeing. These results point to ways of changing education and policy to improve the social wellbeing of working mothers.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.147-157
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• 2014

Women's roles have changed substantially in economically developed countries; subsequently, the ratio of female drivers has also increased. In such countries, there has been considerable interest in assessing gender differences in vehicle accident risks and reasons to explain the gender differences. This study investigates the gender differences in vehicle accident risk based on 500,000 drivers randomly selected from a population sample. A Heckman model is used for accident damage and a negative binomial model is used for the accident frequency. Empirical results show that male drivers are 8.3% riskier than female drivers in terms of accident damage; however, female drivers are 113% risker than male drivers in term of accident frequency. We can implement more practical policies to reduce vehicle accidents if we can understand the reasons for the gender differences.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.421-430
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• 2018

This study is a qualitative study using phenomenological methods that focus on the meaning of what individuals experience to understand the meaning of the gender role of women after childbirth. The participants of this study are 17 women who gave a birth from 8 weeks of the postpartum period to a year after the birth. Seven categories were derived from the results of analyzing the meaning of the gender roles of participants, and the seven categories are confirmed to be body changes and pain, just making me feel down, the difference between expectation and reality, isolation from husband and social network, thinking about my mother as a woman, the pain of body and mind sublimates, and convergence/dissociation between femininity and motherhood. This study is meaningful in that the results of this study provided information that would have a broader understanding of women's gender role after giving birth.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.29-42
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• 2011

Objectives: This is an explanatory correlational study to assess the level of and the relationship of the related factors of health promotion behavior by gender among college students. Methods: Subjects were 950 of the freshmen of the year 2010 at a university in a city adjacent to a metropolis, in S. Korea. Data were collected from the freshmen who understood the purpose of the study and agreed to participate during a freshmen core course using a structured questionnaire. Related factors include active- and passive-self efficacy, internal health locus of control, and social support. Related factors were compared between male and female using t-test and the relationship between the related factors and the health promotion behavior was analyzed separately for each sex, by multiple regression analysis using SPSS 12.0. Results: There were differences in the related factors of BMI between male and female students. They were alcohol behavior and perceived health status among female students while smoking status, alcohol behavior, perceived health status, and BMI among male students. Result from the multiple regression analysis revealed difference in the related factors and in the magnitude of the relationship evaluated by the standardized beta coefficients. Significant factors, listed by the magnitude of beta coefficients, among female were social support, active self efficacy, passive self efficacy, internal health locus of control, and alcohol behavior. Significant factors among male students were social support, active self efficacy, smoking, internal health locus of control, passive self efficacy, and perceived health status. Conclusions: There are gender difference in health promotion behavior and the related factors. The results suggest that the gender differences need to be considered when planning health promotion programs in college. Further research is necessary in order to draw consensus on roles of the related factors of health promotion behavior.